His 29 Essay - 1028 Words

Journal Article Review Revolutionary Black Nationalism: The Black Panther Party takes an in-depth look into the Black Panther Party as a specific example for revolutionary nationalism and analyzes thoroughly the positive contributions they made as well as the negative aspects of the party. Jessica C. Harris, who was obsessed with the history of the party, did research and wrote the paper. This journal (pages from 409-421) is from The Journal of Negro History, Vol. 86, No. 3. (Summer, 2001). The whole paper embodies author’s broad scope, exquisite writing skills and clear logic in analyzing a controversial topic. Black Nationalism is an ideology that aims at liberating the black from oppression and setting up†¦show more content†¦FBI (COINTELPRO) took actions to systematically destroy the party both externally and internally. On one hand, FBI took advantage of the conflict between Black Panther Party and Karenga’s US Organization to let these two clans fight wit h each other. On the other hand, FBI divided the key leaders by setting them up in a hostile position. Finally, the party met its end in the year of 1974. To discuss the aftermath, we should analyze it in two aspects. Black Panther Party actually contributed to black American society and black rights struggle in several ways; meanwhile, it also made serious errors that cannot be tolerated. People should be alert and have a full understanding on what led to its demise. The author has a broad scope for describing a certain topic and researched thoroughly on it. For example, in order to describe the Black Panther Party, the author first clearly states the original ideology of the party. Then she introduces the background information of key leaders in detail to make a relation to why they would found such a party. After that, she discusses the whole process of development for the party, from the beginning to the end. She did research so well that she even provides information such as h ow the leaders raised money for weapons (by selling Mao Tse-Tung’s book) and how FBI destroyed the party and so on. These kinds of anecdote-liked facts delight the whole article. First, the facts broaden theShow MoreRelatedCritical Analysis of Sonnet 29 by William Shakespeare2538 Words   |  11 Pages Critical Analysis of Sonnet 29 by William Shakespeare William Shakespeare (1564-1616) lived in a time of religious turbulence. During the Renaissance people began to move away from the Church. Authors began to focus on the morals of the individual and on less lofty ideals than those of the Middle Ages. Shakespeare wrote one-hundred fifty-four sonnets during his lifetime. Within these sonnets he largely explored romantic love, not the love of God. In Sonnet 29 Shakespeare uses specific word choiceRead MoreAmericas Dropping the Bomb on Hiroshima714 Words   |  3 PagesAmerican plane, named the Boeing b-29 Superfortress bomber, which would still need to be heavily modified to be able to carry the â€Å"little boy† bomb. In 30 November 1943, the process to make the modified version of the b-29 bomber had begun. The project was carried out by the Army Air Forces Material Command under the order of the United States army. Once the b-29 bomber was stripped out the scientists would deliver full-scaled versions of the bomb so that the b -29 bomber could fit the bomb and alsoRead MoreVisionary And Ethical Leadership Of General Curtis2088 Words   |  9 Pagesdotting the sky and there was a refreshing northeasterly breeze coming off the surrounding waters. General Curtis LeMay is standing in the thick tropical air of Northwest Field on the small Pacific island of Guam. 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However, his positionRead MoreMy first prospective client sought me out on my third day in Unit 29. His wife wanted a divorce.2500 Words   |  10 PagesMy first prospective client sought me out on my third day in Unit 29. His wife wanted a divorce. She was living with a professional football player. She planned to marry him and have her new husband adopt his son. Initially, he had nothing to barter with and no access to money. In my law practice, I would have taken the job pro-bono. Thus far, following Joe’s advice had severed me well. As Joe had suggested not working for free, I turned him down. It led to a fight in the fields. I defended myselfRead More Andr ew Marvells To His Coy Mistress and John Donnes A Valedictorian: Forbidding Mourning1448 Words   |  6 PagesAndrew Marvells To His Coy Mistress and John Donnes A Valedictorian: Forbidding Mourning One may define poetry as imaginative and creative writing which uses elements like rhyme, meter, and imagery to express personal thoughts, feelings, or ideas. Certain subjects recur frequently in poetry such as carpe diem, nature, death, and family. Andrew Marvells To His Coy Mistress and John Donnes A Valediction: Forbiddmg Mourning, focus on the prevalent topic of love. Although both poemsRead More Contrasting Love in To His Coy Mistress and Elegy for Jane Essay example1174 Words   |  5 PagesContrasting Love in To His Coy Mistress and Elegy for Jane  Ã‚      If one is interested enough to look, one can find twenty-eight definitions for the word love in the dictionary. Such a broadly-defined word has no doubt contributed to the diverse array of poems which all claim (legitimately) to be about love. Two such poems are To His Coy Mistress, by Andrew Marvell, and Elegy for Jane, by Theodore Roethke. Both poems are clearly love poems; however, the types of love that each one representsRead MoreAndrew Marvell, â€Å"to His Coy Mistress†1418 Words   |  6 PagesAndrew Marvell, â€Å"To His Coy Mistress† In ‘To His Coy Mistress’ the speaker carefully constructs a subtle and logical argument as to why his addressee should sexually unite with him. The speaker attempts this proposition through finesse in manipulating reason, form and imagery. The reasoning employed would be familiar to a reader educated in Renaissance England, as it is reminiscent of classical philosophical logic, entailing a statement, a counter-statement and a resolution. In line with thisRead More Comparing Marvell’s To His Coy Mistress and Herrick’s To the Virgins, to Make Much of Time1135 Words   |  5 PagesComparing Andrew Marvell’s To His Coy Mistress and Robert Herrick’s To the Virgins, to Make Much of Time Ever since the beginning of time, love has played an enormous role among humans. Everyone feels a need to love and to be loved. Some attempt to fill this yearning with activities and possessions that will not satisfy – with activities in which they should not participate and possessions they should not own. In Andrew Marvell’s poem, â€Å"To His Coy Mistress,† the speaker encounters an emotionRead MoreGender Stereotypes And Expectations In Literature1724 Words   |  7 Pagesthen â€Å"To His Coy Mistress† by Andrew Marvell and â€Å"A Red, Red Rose† by Robert Burns have one purpose: to persuade a woman to give up her most valued possession to the ravenous, insatiable desires of a man. It is particularly easy to interpret these poems this way because gender roles and expectations were more strictly enforced at the time they were written. Even at present, traditional perceptions of gender reinforce gender stereotypes evident in literature. Andrew Marvell’s â€Å"To His Coy Mistress†

How Freedom of Religion Cultivates American Innovation Free Essays

How Freedom of Religion Cultivates American Innovation In the annals of American history, religion takes up volumes. The framers used Judeo-Christian values as a cornerstone to create democracy in the nation. Manifest Destiny, a concept coined by William Jennings Bryan, explains that it was the people’s God-given right to populate the continent and reign from the east to west coast. We will write a custom essay sample on How Freedom of Religion Cultivates American Innovation or any similar topic only for you Order Now Before the Civil War, among thousands of individuals, preachers and followers of the protestant faith were the largest faction in America to assist slaves in escaping plantations (Ogden, 61). So why did the Founding Fathers not limit the exercise of other religions in their writing of the Constitution? For the same reason most religions hold their faiths as truth. Individuals find security in religion and religion shapes who they become. Hundreds of cultures throughout the world leave everything including their health up to the God who manages them. Others believe in consulting a higher power in order to attain individual success. It is important that the state not cross the lines of religious freedom unless religious expression harms the rights of others – in the case of polygamy or human sacrifice. A Study on Religion and the Role of It on People and Media†¦. iframe class="wp-embedded-content" sandbox="allow-scripts" security="restricted" style="position: absolute; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);" src="https://phdessay.com/a-study-on-religion-and-the-role-of-it-on-people-and-media/embed/#?secret=KXMSmZiP9D" data-secret="KXMSmZiP9D" width="500" height="282" title="#8220;A Study on Religion and the Role of It on People and Media†¦.#8221; #8212; Free Essays - PhDessay.com" frameborder="0" marginwidth="0" marginheight="0" scrolling="no"/iframe The framers knew that if they created a country that favored Christianity, personal beliefs of those outside that religion would be devalued and a follower might not feel safe as a citizen of his own nation. The framers allowed religion in the Bill of Rights to inspire every individual to pursue themselves and become the realization of their thoughts and beliefs. America’s reputation grew from religious freedom. When the founding fathers came up with a document stating the rights of an American, they hoped they wouldn’t be the only ones to create a new idea. Therefore they allowed room for individual expression. An individual should create his idea of himself and that drive came to most people through religion. Religious freedom guided the Puritans to develop the first university in America, Harvard. It was founded by ministers who realized the need for a clergy in a growing population. It became the nucleus of theological teaching in New England by 1827 and gave America its first philosopher John Calvin, the creator of Calvinism and harbinger of the First Great Awakening. Today, Harvard is in the ranks of the highest achieving universities in the world. Although it started out as a seminary with nine graduates, today Harvard’s 360,000 living alumni span 190 countries. Religious freedom allowed the Protestants to lead their country to greatness. The First Amendment is not only expressed through education. American businesses also practice certain religious aspects. Famous restaurants one would not suspect exercise the power to practice Christianity. In-N-Out Burger, a popular Western fast food franchise will inconspicuously print Bible verses on cups per customer request. Wendy’s owner Dave Thomas was quoted, saying, â€Å"You can be anything you want to be within the law of God and Man†. His success demonstrates how prosperous a Christian owned business can be when coupled with strong beliefs. Finally, Quaker Cadbury Adams from Parsippany, New Jersey established â€Å"Cadbury†, the 2nd largest producer of chocolate and drinks in the world. It purports a net income of $700 million a year (Forbes 2012). Clearly, business in America has benefited from diversity. However, it is important that Americans keep religious freedom in perspective. Religious freedom should not influence two entities to battle between the validity of their party’s beliefs. Darwin’s Theory of Evolution and Galileo’s heliocentric model of the universe are two examples in which Christianity has been tested. In the 1600’s, Catholics believed Galileo’s ideas were blasphemy. His theory that earth was not the only planet, much less the center of the universe, rocked the Church’s platform. Because he did not live in a democratic nation, his government put him under house arrest, all but silencing his discovery. However, Galileo’s theory was in fact only an explanation of the natural world. Although science and religion serve two different purposes, the Church took Galileo’s observation on nature as an attack on Christianity and locked him up. Today, Americans view the Church’s treatment as unjustified. Four hundred years and successful flights to the moon later, it is difficult to argue that the Church was correct in its attack on Galileo. From the perspective of a country with the First Amendment right, it seems unimaginable. However, today’s churches now test religious freedom. Under the protection of the Bill of Rights, Evangelical Christian D. James Kennedy has prosecuted Darwin’s Theory of Evolution. He believes evolution is, â€Å"a dangerous opinion that deems God’s judgment on Earth† (Kennedy 183) and has many dogmatic followers. He believes public schools should not teach evolution because it conflicts with Creationism. However, by law action taken on Kenney’s part infringes on the rights of others. His Christian agenda supersedes the beliefs of other faiths, such as Hinduism, Islamism, or Judaism, which contradicts freedom of expression. If Darwinism was kept from being taught in public schools, the government would be ignoring the rights of other faiths. Darwinism is taught in school is because his views are seen as science. Science deals with natural explanations about the world (Coriden 12). If science were to have a metaphysical stance involving supernatural explanations for the universe, it would cease to be a worthwhile pursuit. The explanation for a question would become too simple and deferred to God or another supernatural being. That understood, science is unable to disprove religion by fact and religion cannot disprove science by belief. A connection between the two would seem to be a non sequitur. Truly, neither harms the other. In fact, the opposite may be endorsed. The more discoveries science makes, the more difficult it makes man’s purpose to explain. People will turn to religion for comfort because usually a combination of the natural and supernatural will mold an individual’s sense of reality. Thankfully, America is a country where one can chose how much to believe in the natural and supernatural. The First Amendment puts no belief system ahead of another. The Founding Fathers believed in order to avoid religious persecution, that they must create a nation open to every ideology. As they intended, the United States flourished under the principles of equality. Today, the United States Constitution is used as reference for countries constructing a democratic nation because of the success and freedom Americans enjoy. Although the democratic system is not flawless, it opens the road to individual achievement that does not exist in all countries by allowing religious freedom and the freedom of expression. How to cite How Freedom of Religion Cultivates American Innovation, Papers

Theory Drucker Vs Bennis Essay Research Paper free essay sample

Theory: Drucker Vs Bennis Essay, Research Paper Introduction The direction techniques of Peter Drucker and Warren Bennis may differ ; nevertheless, the footing premiss is still the same. Both Drucker and Bennis are well-known experts in the field of direction. In fact, both of these work forces have formed great confederations in their callings. Let? s take a brief expression into the lives of Drucker and Bennis. Peter Drucker was born in Vienna in the early 1900? s. Today, Drucker is possibly the most influential author in the field of direction. He is the writer of 29 books, which have been translated into 20 linguistic communications ( cgu.edu ) . In 1925 Drucker assisted Claremont Graduate University in whirling off of the University and set uping The Peter F. Drucker Graduate School of Management. The school is comprised of many well-known Universities throughout the state ( cgu.edu/faculty ) . Even though Bennis is merely a fraction of the age of Drucker, he excessively is a well-known expert in the field of direction. Bennis is the writer of 27 books, which have besides been translated into 20 linguistic communications. Bennis is presently a Professor at Marshall School. It is with pride, Bennis lists his achievements on his personal web-site. Some of the more interesting achievements to do note of are: founding Chairman of the Leadership Institute at the University of Southern California and Fellow of the Royal Society of the Arts ( UK ) ( MOR module ) . Bennis began utilizing his leading accomplishments at the immature age of 20 when he served as the youngest foot commanding officer that fought in Germany ( MOR module ) . We will take a expression at the theories of Drucker and Bennis, every bit good as their positions on teamwork. Both have different attacks but both have profound penetration on both subjects. Theory: DRUCKER VS BENNIS Drucker is widely credited for contriving modern direction and for being the most influential direction adviser ( Gorr ) . The most noteworthy features sing Drucker? s positions are that he makes one think about what they do or what they are seeking to carry through and why. Invention is something that he tries to transfuse in each company he is confer withing with. As reported in? The Practice of Innovation? by Peter Senge, Drucker has three ingredients that make up the subject of invention. First, concentrating on the mission, he believes that one must hold a unequivocal end or intent in which they are seeking to prosecute in order to be successful. Second, specifying important consequences, or otherwise showing what is believed to be the awaited terminal consequence. Third, executing strict appraisals based on the undertakings that are being performed while seeking to adhere to the mission. This measure includes the willingness of all involved to throw out any undertakings, ideas, or processes that are non lending to the overall aim. A feeling of common trust must be established between direction and lower degree associates in order for non-management forces to come frontward with what they believe is non working during the assessment stage. Even though Drucker is known for assisting repair a company? s direction jobs, his? hole? goes deeper than purely the direction happening within that company. This idea is due to the fact that no company is immune to unmanageable external factors. He uses what is traveling on externally from the company, such as the market place, historical occurrences, and current political conditions in order to measure how the company should set ( Senge ) . In his sentiment, his suggestions to a company are non focused on the bottom line, but instead on the employees and how to steer them toward accomplishing their highest potency. Once this is achieved is when the company has succeeded and is run intoing its aim all about, because so in bend, the employees are endeavoring to make their best in run intoing the mission in the most effectual and efficient mode. Bennis is yet another well-respected authorization on direction. Bennis? chief theory is that of leading. His claim to celebrity is the thought of a? Great Group? . He believes that success comes from a? Great Leader? within a? Great Group? , and that one does non happen without the other ( Kurtzman ) . Harmonizing to Bennis, the? Great Group? instills positive qualities separately and as a squad by the spring and take doctrine. Each person has something that they can learn the other group members, therefore enriching each person and the group as a whole at the same clip. Along with Drucker, Bennis believes in a mission, nevertheless the difference is that Bennis believes that the mission must be highly meaningful. The company or organisation must do the mission or vision meaningful plenty to touch the really nucleus of each person so they feel as though it will do a difference to the multitudes ( Kurtzman ) . Once people find significance in what they do this increases their thrust and therefore additions productiveness. The occupation of the leader is to do everyone recognize merely how of import the mission is to the exterior. Flexibility and skill diverseness are the chief features of the hereafter leaders harmonizing to Bennis ( Kurtzman ) . The leaders he foresees must hold those two chief ingredients if they are to win. Flexibility comes into drama due to the ever-changing universe around us whether it be new authoritiess, skill degree of employees, or engineering. In add-on, leaders must hold character: unity, passion about the mission and the hereafter, wonder that will let them look for a better manner to carry through the mission, and the ability to see how things will be in the hereafter and steer the group towards that vision. Similar to Drucker? s need for direction to be unfastened to abandoning undertakings and/or thoughts that are non making the aim, Bennis? leader? s ability to steer the group may be hindered by direction if direction is non wholly unfastened to alter. If the company is merely seeking to keep the same ways of operations it has been devoted to for many old ages and is non to the full committed to opening the doors for suggestions and new thoughts so the? Great Group? and? Great Leader? go meaningless, as does the mission ( Bennis ) . TEAMWORK COMPARISON: DRUCKER VS. BENNIS Amalgamations and acquisitions are going a turning tendency for companies, both big and little, domestic and foreign, to organize strategic confederations within their peculiar industries. Drucker provinces? that confederations of all sorts are going progressively common, particularly in international concern? ( pg. 287 ) . There are many specific ends that companies may be looking to accomplish by making this, but the chief implicit in ground is to vouch the long-run sustained accomplishment of? fast profitable growing? for their concern. They have to maintain up with a quickly increasing diversified planetary market and increased competition. Nowadays, with the battle for competitory advantage going stronger and stronger, it is about indispensable to organize confederations. Diversifying and spread outing techniques such as amalgamations and acquisitions are a really popular methods for organizing these confederations. Basically stated, a amalgamation is a connection of forces and an acquisition is a purchase of a company, whether it is welcomed or hostile. The two footings are frequently used interchangeably. Drucker suggest that much research and planning is required in the early phases of these procedures, which starts with a scheme used in seeking to happen a suited company to hold an confederation with. Advantages and disadvantages of this confederation must be thought out, every bit good as many other of import facets, such as hazard factors and new organisational constructions that must be considered and closely monitored throughout all of the phases of the amalgamation or acquisition. When the stairss are followed and everything goes every bit planned, the consequence is a successful confederation. There will be good operating and market synergism between the companies. This new confederation will understand the importance of sharing each other? s capital, markets, and engineering in order to be a participant in the extremely competitory markets, enlargement of houses is necessary. It is about impossible to accomplish high profitableness all entirely. This growing is achieved through new merchandise development, acquisition of new workss and more machinery, and concern development activities. Firms are organizing confederations due to force per unit areas from their rivals. Corporations today must understand the fiscal and technological troubles, every bit good as the complex jobs associated with the existent interaction of people and programs when take parting in an confederation, and they must endeavor to put to death all of their programs to the maximal potency . Bennis, on the other manus, focuses more on teamwork within an organisation. His theory sing work groups fundamentally dressed ores on three major constructs, ? organic-adaptive? construction, group construction and? Great Groups? . It is Bennis? position that the American constitutions, one time in a bureaucratic province, are being replaced by a more? organic-adaptive? construction ( Bennis, 1970, p. 24 ) . Harmonizing to Bennis, an? organic-adaptive? construction is an? adaptative, problem-solving, impermanent system of diverse specializers that are linked together by organizing and undertaking measuring specializers in an organic flux ( p. 24 ) . Bennis explains that any and all major achievements made by corporations are a consequence of a collaborative attempt. In the yesteryear, oftentimes merely one individual by and large received the recognition for the achievement ; nevertheless, whether or non an achievement was publically recognized as an person or collaborative attempt, the fact remained that nil could hold been achieved without a squad of helpers. Bennis feels that in today? s society, that is complex and technologically sophisticated, the most pressing undertakings require the co-ordinated parts of many capable people ( Bennis, 1995, p. 3 ) . Besides, because timely information is the most of import trade good, Bennis believes that coactions is non merely desirable, but inevitable ( p. 3 ) . Harmonizing to Bennis, ? one is excessively little a figure to bring forth illustriousness? ( p. 3 ) . Bennis besides had the foresight, during the late 1960ss, to find that? while accomplishments in human interaction will go more of import, due to the turning demands for coaction in complex undertakings, there will be a attendant decrease in group coherence? , and an? organic-adaptive? corporate society will coerce? people to develop speedy and intense relationships on the occupation, and larn to bear the loss of more abiding work relationships? ( Bennis, 1 970, p. 25 ) . Group construction is another component that is imperative to Bennis. He feels that? groups are composed of a peculiar foreman and his immediate subsidiaries, get downing with the top and making lower degrees later on. Thus, the unit of grouping is the existent? household? group, and existent conditions become the focal point of analysis. This stage is based on the rule that if organisational alteration is to take topographic point, it must be supported by the existent organisational groupings and must be exemplified and reinforced by top direction? ( Bennis, 1996, p. 125 ) . Finally, Bennis believes that every organisation that has made great finds and achieved supreme achievements are the consequence of? Great Groups? ( Bennis, 1995, p. 1 ) . Persons that participate in? Great Groups? have several common features ( pg. 5-17 ) : ? They must hold a undertaking that brings out their corporate best. ? They are to the full engaged in the? thrilling procedure of find? , frequently, they do their most superb work in an severe environment. ? They all have model leaders, and tend to lose their manner if they lose their leading. ? They are fueled by wonder, and frequently have an unrealistic position of what they can carry through. Another of import facet of a? Great Group? is that the leaders are perceived as peers ( p.29 ) . Bennis gives several illustrations of? Great Groups? , the first being Michelangelo? s chef-doeuvre on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, and quotes William E. Wallace in stating that Michelangelo? was the caput of a good-sized entrepreneurial endeavor that collaboratively made are that bore his ( Michelangelo? s ) name? ( p. 5 ) . However, Bennis uses Disney? s vision and devising of the film? Snow White? as the premier illustration of a? Great Group? . It began with Disney? s vision, followed by a beat uping address to hike morale, a enlisting procedure that produced the best energizers in the concern, and a squad of people that were wholly enthralled with Disney? s vision and accomplishing the impossible ( pp. 37-38 ) . Before it was ready to be released, ? Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs would hold required 1000s of drawings, finally running a sum of 83 proceedingss and necessitate 250,000 finished drawings, in concurrence with the 100s of attempts of nonanimators ( p. 36 ) . Disney was instantly criticized with comments like, ? Who? 500 wage to see a drawing of a faery princess when they can watch Joan Crawford? s dumbbell for the same monetary value? ? ( p. 38 ) , merely as he had been in 1932 with his first creative activity of Mickey Mouse in? Steamboat Willie? , Disney was highly successful in his production of? Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs? . The film, which premiered on December 21, 1937, became the biggest movie of 1938, and brought in a sum of $ 8 million ( p. 46 ) . It held the box-office record until? Gone With the Wind? in 1939 and 1940 ( p. 46 ) . Disney showed how brilliant a undertaking could go when it is the merchandise of a? Great Group? . One construct that both Bennis and Drucker mentioned, when speech production of teamwork, is that America is get downing to mention the Nipponese attack to direction, recognizing the significance of teamwork, work groups, and how they can assist a company accomplish its ends and be more productive at a decreased cost. The positions of both work forces on teamwork were really similar, and they both agreed that it is a necessity to the outstanding hereafter of a company. Decision It is evident that both Drucker and Bennis have outstanding positions on the subject of teamwork. Drucker and Bennis agree on the importance of teamwork and groupings. One must make up ones mind with doctrine and attack better suits their organisation. What works for one organisation may non be the best solution or method for the following company. Whichever attack is decided upon, stick to it. Develop ends and implement alterations based on the one theory. Mentions Bennis, Warren. ( 1989 ) . ? Why Leaderships Can? t Lead? . Retrieved May 11, 2001. www.westy/jtwn.k12.pa.us/user/sja/bennis.html. Drucker, Peter F. Managing for the Future: The Trend Toward Alliances for Progress. New York: Penguin, 1992 Gorr, Lou. ( 1998 ) . A Reappraisal of The World Harmonizing to Peter Drucker. Retrieved May 10, 2001. www.insidebiz.com/hamptonroads/books/book082698.htm. Kurtzman, Joel. ( Third Quarter, 1997 ) . ? An Interview with Warren Bennis? , p. 1-8. Retrieved May 11, 2001. www.strategy-business.com/thoughtleaders/97308/page1.html. Senge, Peter. ( Summer 1998 ) . ? The Practice of Innovation. ? Leader to Leader. Retrieved May 10, 2001. www.pfdf.org/leaderbooks/l2l/summer98/senge.html. www.cgu.edu/faculty/druckerp.html Updated October 23, 1998. Retrieved May 14, 2001. www.drucker.cgu.edu Retrieved May 14, 2001. www.marshall.usc.edu/mor/people/BennisW.html Retrieved May 14, 2001.

Why We Fight

The 1942 film Why We Fight represents a classical example of American wartime propaganda. Given the fact that, during the course of thirties and forties, the majority of Americans shared an isolationist sentiment, it was crucially important for the America’s policy-makers at the time to convince citizens that country’s joining the WW2 was not optional.1Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Why We Fight specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, being a propaganda-piece, this particular film features a number of different of inconsistencies and even outright lies. In this paper, I will aim to substantiate the validity of an earlier suggestion at length. The main ideological premise, upon which the line of film’s argumentation appears to be based, is being concerned with its creators exploring the apparent dichotomy between what they refer to as a ‘free world, on the one hand, and a ‘world of slavery’, on the other. According to film’s narrator; whereas, America advances the cause of liberty, the countries of a ‘good ole Europe’ (specifically Germany and Italy), with their ally Japan, advance the cause of an oppression – pure and simple. What is being particularly ironic about this claim, is the fact that film’s creators went about substantiating claim’s legitimacy by making references to world’s major religions (Judaism, Christianity and Islam), as such that in their view endorse the cause of liberty. According to the twisted logic of film’s argumentation, American citizens’ strong sense of religiosity makes them naturally predisposed towards professing the values of democracy. This, of course, could not possibly be the case, because the very notion ‘religion’ is being synonymous to the notion of ‘intolerance’.2 Nevertheless, even if filmmakers were right about the fact that, people’s strong affiliation with religious values causes them to profess the values of democracy, film’s pathos would still not make much of a sense.Advertising Looking for critical writing on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The reason for this is simple – contrary to what it is being suggested in the film, the overwhelming majority of German Nazis, as well as ordinary German citizens who never ceased supporting Nazis right to the very end of the WW2, used to be just as devoted to Christianity as it was the case with America’s founding fathers, for example.3 Another proof, as to a conceptual fallaciousness of Why We Fight, is the fact that throughout film’s entirety, the narrator continues to refer to Hitler as someone who wanted to conquer the world. Such claim, of course, cannot be referred to as anything but extremely ignorant.4 After all, it is not only tha t Hitler never publically expressed his presumed intention to ‘conquer the world’, but throughout the initial phase of WW2, he actively sought to end the hostilities with Britain and France.5 Whatever improbable it may sound – the actual reason, behind the outbreak of WW2, was Poland’s stubborn unwillingness to allow Germany to build a railroad between Berlin and the German city of Danzig (Gdansk), which in 1918 was separated from the rest of Germany by a Treaty of Versailles.6 If creators of Why We Fight were concerned with trying to protect the world from being conquered, then it would not be Hitler, Mussolini and Hirohito featured in their film, but America’s ally Stalin. After all, unlike Hitler, Stalin never had any reservations against coming up with public statements as to the fact that world’s ‘capitalist’ were facing only two choices – to embrace the Communism or to be destroyed. Right up until the collapse of USS R in 1991, the Soviet coat of arms featured a Communist emblem of a hammer and sickle in the foreground of the whole planet. Moreover, Soviet Constitution openly stated that it was only the matter of time, before world’s independent nations would join USSR as ‘Soviet republics’.7 In the light of recently declassified Soviet secret documents, it appears that Stalin was preparing to attack Germany in July of 1941, with the ultimate purpose of this attack having been the ‘liberation’ of the whole Europe of a ‘capitalist oppression’.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Why We Fight specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More If it was not up to Hitler’s preventive attack of Soviet Union on June 22, 1941, even as early as by the end of 1941, Europe would have become nothing but a Westernmost part of Soviet ‘workers paradise’.8 After that, it would be the t urn for America to suffer the same fate – not an utterly improbable suggestion, especially given the fact that many members of Roosevelt’s inner circle (including his wife Eleanor) were self-admitted Communist spies.9 Therefore, film narrator’s referrals to the scenes of marching German soldiers and to the scenes of German obsolete tanks Pzkpfw-1 and Pzkpfw-2 rolling into Poland, as such that confirm the validity of his claims about the sheer evilness and potency of German war-machine, appear hypocritical, at best. First of all, film tactfully avoids mentioning the fact that it were not only ‘evil’ Germans that invaded Poland in the autumn of 1939, but their good ‘friends’ from Red Liberation Army, as well. If Poland’s Western allies were so much concerned about protecting this country’s independence, then why did they not declare a war on Soviet Union? Second, contrary to what film implies, up until 1943, the functioning of a German economy was based upon the essentially peacetime principles. This, however, cannot not be said about the functioning of Soviet economy from 1933 to 1945, which had only one single objective – to manufacture of as many weapons as possible. This is exactly the reason why; whereas, by the beginning of 1941, Hitler only had 3235 tanks (2500 of which were hopelessly obsolete), Stalin had 2830 tanks (including 700 tanks T-34 and 530 tanks KV-1).10 Nevertheless, one does not have to be a scholar of WW2 to note the essentially hypocritical nature of Why We Fight, as the example of America’s wartime propaganda, because film’s hypocrisies are being well visible even to a naked eye.Advertising Looking for critical writing on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For example; whereas, narrator never ceases to state that America’s only objective in the WW2 is to promote democracy, equality and tolerance, on the one hand, he simultaneously continues to refer to Japanese people as ‘dirty Japs’, on the other. It is fully understandable that, after Japan’s attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, the majority of Americans have realized Japanese as their enemies. Still, even though film’s narrator portrays Nazis as America’s sworn enemies, as well, he nevertheless does not talk of them as nothing short of sub-humans. Therefore, it will only be logical to conclude that, despite his pretentious ‘anti-Nazism’, the narrator himself is not being too different from Nazis, to begin with. I believe that the provided earlier line of argumentation, in defense of a suggestion that many claims, contained in Why We Fight, cannot be considered even slightly objective, is being fully consistent with paper’s ini tial thesis. In its turn, this implies that citizens should never cease thinking critically about what the governmentally endorsed propaganda wants them to believe, especially if this propaganda appears to be designed for weakening a self-preservation instinct in people, so that they would not be having any objections against the prospect of being turned into a ‘cannon meat’ overseas. References Boyle, Peter. â€Å"The Roots of Isolationism: A Case Study,† Journal of American  Studies 6, no. 1 (1972): 41-50. Carlton, David. â€Å"Churchill in 1940: Myth and Reality,† World Affairs 156, no. 2 (1993): 97-103. Cline, Catherine. â€Å"British Historians and the Treaty of Versailles,† Albion: A  Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies 20, no. 1 (1988): 43-58. McNeal, Robert. â€Å"Roosevelt through Stalin’s Spectacles,† International Journal 18 (1962-63): 194-206. Nagata, Judith. â€Å"Beyond Theology: Toward an Anthropology o f ‘Fundamentalism’,† American Anthropologist, New Series 103, no. 2 (2001): 481-498. Raack, R. C. â€Å"Stalin’s Role in the Coming of World War II: The International Debate Goes On,† World Affairs 159, no. 2, (1996): 47-54. Steigmann-Gall, Richard. The Holy Reich: Nazi Conceptions of Christianity,  1919-1945. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003. Suvorov, Viktor. Icebreaker: Who Started the Second World War? London: Hamish Hamilton, 1990. Taylor, A. J. P. The Origins of the Second World War. London: Penguin, 1964. The War Department. Why We Fight Part 1 – â€Å"Prelude to War† (1942). YouTube. [Video]. Web. Uldricks, Teddy. â€Å"The Icebreaker Controversy: Did Stalin Plan to Attack Hitler?†Ã‚  Ã‚  Slavic Review 58, no. 3 (1999): 626-643. Footnotes 1 Peter Boyle, â€Å"The Roots of Isolationism: A Case Study,† Journal of American Studies 6, no. 1 (1972): 44. 2 Judith Nagata, â€Å"Beyond Theology: Toward an Ant hropology of ‘Fundamentalism’,† American Anthropologist, New Series 103, no. 2 (2001): 482. 3Richard Steigmann-Gall, The Holy Reich. Nazi Conceptions of Christianity, 1919-1945 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 267. 4 A. J. P. Taylor, The Origins of the Second World War, (London: Penguin, 1964), 15. 5 David Carlton, â€Å"Churchill in 1940: Myth and Reality,† World Affairs 156, no. 2 (1993): 101. 6 Catherine Cline, â€Å"British Historians and the Treaty of Versailles,† Albion: A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies 20, no. 1 (1988): 54. 7 R. C. Raack, â€Å"Stalin’s Role in the Coming of World War II: The International Debate Goes On,† World Affairs 159, no. 2, (1996): 49. 8 Viktor Suvorov, Icebreaker: Who started the Second World War? (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1990): 10. 9 Robert H. McNeal, â€Å"Roosevelt through Stalin’s Spectacles.† International Journal 18 (1962-63): 203. 10 Teddy Uldricks, à ¢â‚¬Å"The Icebreaker Controversy: Did Stalin Plan to Attack Hitler?† Slavic Review 58, no. 3 (1999): 642. This critical writing on Why We Fight was written and submitted by user Dark Wasp to help you with your own studies. 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