His 29 Essay - 1028 Words

Journal Article Review Revolutionary Black Nationalism: The Black Panther Party takes an in-depth look into the Black Panther Party as a specific example for revolutionary nationalism and analyzes thoroughly the positive contributions they made as well as the negative aspects of the party. Jessica C. Harris, who was obsessed with the history of the party, did research and wrote the paper. This journal (pages from 409-421) is from The Journal of Negro History, Vol. 86, No. 3. (Summer, 2001). The whole paper embodies author’s broad scope, exquisite writing skills and clear logic in analyzing a controversial topic. Black Nationalism is an ideology that aims at liberating the black from oppression and setting up†¦show more content†¦FBI (COINTELPRO) took actions to systematically destroy the party both externally and internally. On one hand, FBI took advantage of the conflict between Black Panther Party and Karenga’s US Organization to let these two clans fight wit h each other. On the other hand, FBI divided the key leaders by setting them up in a hostile position. Finally, the party met its end in the year of 1974. To discuss the aftermath, we should analyze it in two aspects. Black Panther Party actually contributed to black American society and black rights struggle in several ways; meanwhile, it also made serious errors that cannot be tolerated. People should be alert and have a full understanding on what led to its demise. The author has a broad scope for describing a certain topic and researched thoroughly on it. For example, in order to describe the Black Panther Party, the author first clearly states the original ideology of the party. Then she introduces the background information of key leaders in detail to make a relation to why they would found such a party. After that, she discusses the whole process of development for the party, from the beginning to the end. She did research so well that she even provides information such as h ow the leaders raised money for weapons (by selling Mao Tse-Tung’s book) and how FBI destroyed the party and so on. These kinds of anecdote-liked facts delight the whole article. First, the facts broaden theShow MoreRelatedCritical Analysis of Sonnet 29 by William Shakespeare2538 Words   |  11 Pages Critical Analysis of Sonnet 29 by William Shakespeare William Shakespeare (1564-1616) lived in a time of religious turbulence. During the Renaissance people began to move away from the Church. Authors began to focus on the morals of the individual and on less lofty ideals than those of the Middle Ages. Shakespeare wrote one-hundred fifty-four sonnets during his lifetime. Within these sonnets he largely explored romantic love, not the love of God. In Sonnet 29 Shakespeare uses specific word choiceRead MoreAmericas Dropping the Bomb on Hiroshima714 Words   |  3 PagesAmerican plane, named the Boeing b-29 Superfortress bomber, which would still need to be heavily modified to be able to carry the â€Å"little boy† bomb. In 30 November 1943, the process to make the modified version of the b-29 bomber had begun. The project was carried out by the Army Air Forces Material Command under the order of the United States army. Once the b-29 bomber was stripped out the scientists would deliver full-scaled versions of the bomb so that the b -29 bomber could fit the bomb and alsoRead MoreVisionary And Ethical Leadership Of General Curtis2088 Words   |  9 Pagesdotting the sky and there was a refreshing northeasterly breeze coming off the surrounding waters. General Curtis LeMay is standing in the thick tropical air of Northwest Field on the small Pacific island of Guam. 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However, his positionRead MoreMy first prospective client sought me out on my third day in Unit 29. His wife wanted a divorce.2500 Words   |  10 PagesMy first prospective client sought me out on my third day in Unit 29. His wife wanted a divorce. She was living with a professional football player. She planned to marry him and have her new husband adopt his son. Initially, he had nothing to barter with and no access to money. In my law practice, I would have taken the job pro-bono. Thus far, following Joe’s advice had severed me well. As Joe had suggested not working for free, I turned him down. It led to a fight in the fields. I defended myselfRead More Andr ew Marvells To His Coy Mistress and John Donnes A Valedictorian: Forbidding Mourning1448 Words   |  6 PagesAndrew Marvells To His Coy Mistress and John Donnes A Valedictorian: Forbidding Mourning One may define poetry as imaginative and creative writing which uses elements like rhyme, meter, and imagery to express personal thoughts, feelings, or ideas. Certain subjects recur frequently in poetry such as carpe diem, nature, death, and family. Andrew Marvells To His Coy Mistress and John Donnes A Valediction: Forbiddmg Mourning, focus on the prevalent topic of love. Although both poemsRead More Contrasting Love in To His Coy Mistress and Elegy for Jane Essay example1174 Words   |  5 PagesContrasting Love in To His Coy Mistress and Elegy for Jane  Ã‚      If one is interested enough to look, one can find twenty-eight definitions for the word love in the dictionary. Such a broadly-defined word has no doubt contributed to the diverse array of poems which all claim (legitimately) to be about love. Two such poems are To His Coy Mistress, by Andrew Marvell, and Elegy for Jane, by Theodore Roethke. Both poems are clearly love poems; however, the types of love that each one representsRead MoreAndrew Marvell, â€Å"to His Coy Mistress†1418 Words   |  6 PagesAndrew Marvell, â€Å"To His Coy Mistress† In ‘To His Coy Mistress’ the speaker carefully constructs a subtle and logical argument as to why his addressee should sexually unite with him. The speaker attempts this proposition through finesse in manipulating reason, form and imagery. The reasoning employed would be familiar to a reader educated in Renaissance England, as it is reminiscent of classical philosophical logic, entailing a statement, a counter-statement and a resolution. In line with thisRead More Comparing Marvell’s To His Coy Mistress and Herrick’s To the Virgins, to Make Much of Time1135 Words   |  5 PagesComparing Andrew Marvell’s To His Coy Mistress and Robert Herrick’s To the Virgins, to Make Much of Time Ever since the beginning of time, love has played an enormous role among humans. Everyone feels a need to love and to be loved. Some attempt to fill this yearning with activities and possessions that will not satisfy – with activities in which they should not participate and possessions they should not own. In Andrew Marvell’s poem, â€Å"To His Coy Mistress,† the speaker encounters an emotionRead MoreGender Stereotypes And Expectations In Literature1724 Words   |  7 Pagesthen â€Å"To His Coy Mistress† by Andrew Marvell and â€Å"A Red, Red Rose† by Robert Burns have one purpose: to persuade a woman to give up her most valued possession to the ravenous, insatiable desires of a man. It is particularly easy to interpret these poems this way because gender roles and expectations were more strictly enforced at the time they were written. Even at present, traditional perceptions of gender reinforce gender stereotypes evident in literature. Andrew Marvell’s â€Å"To His Coy Mistress†

How Freedom of Religion Cultivates American Innovation Free Essays

How Freedom of Religion Cultivates American Innovation In the annals of American history, religion takes up volumes. The framers used Judeo-Christian values as a cornerstone to create democracy in the nation. Manifest Destiny, a concept coined by William Jennings Bryan, explains that it was the people’s God-given right to populate the continent and reign from the east to west coast. We will write a custom essay sample on How Freedom of Religion Cultivates American Innovation or any similar topic only for you Order Now Before the Civil War, among thousands of individuals, preachers and followers of the protestant faith were the largest faction in America to assist slaves in escaping plantations (Ogden, 61). So why did the Founding Fathers not limit the exercise of other religions in their writing of the Constitution? For the same reason most religions hold their faiths as truth. Individuals find security in religion and religion shapes who they become. Hundreds of cultures throughout the world leave everything including their health up to the God who manages them. Others believe in consulting a higher power in order to attain individual success. It is important that the state not cross the lines of religious freedom unless religious expression harms the rights of others – in the case of polygamy or human sacrifice. A Study on Religion and the Role of It on People and Media†¦. iframe class="wp-embedded-content" sandbox="allow-scripts" security="restricted" style="position: absolute; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);" src="https://phdessay.com/a-study-on-religion-and-the-role-of-it-on-people-and-media/embed/#?secret=KXMSmZiP9D" data-secret="KXMSmZiP9D" width="500" height="282" title="#8220;A Study on Religion and the Role of It on People and Media†¦.#8221; #8212; Free Essays - PhDessay.com" frameborder="0" marginwidth="0" marginheight="0" scrolling="no"/iframe The framers knew that if they created a country that favored Christianity, personal beliefs of those outside that religion would be devalued and a follower might not feel safe as a citizen of his own nation. The framers allowed religion in the Bill of Rights to inspire every individual to pursue themselves and become the realization of their thoughts and beliefs. America’s reputation grew from religious freedom. When the founding fathers came up with a document stating the rights of an American, they hoped they wouldn’t be the only ones to create a new idea. Therefore they allowed room for individual expression. An individual should create his idea of himself and that drive came to most people through religion. Religious freedom guided the Puritans to develop the first university in America, Harvard. It was founded by ministers who realized the need for a clergy in a growing population. It became the nucleus of theological teaching in New England by 1827 and gave America its first philosopher John Calvin, the creator of Calvinism and harbinger of the First Great Awakening. Today, Harvard is in the ranks of the highest achieving universities in the world. Although it started out as a seminary with nine graduates, today Harvard’s 360,000 living alumni span 190 countries. Religious freedom allowed the Protestants to lead their country to greatness. The First Amendment is not only expressed through education. American businesses also practice certain religious aspects. Famous restaurants one would not suspect exercise the power to practice Christianity. In-N-Out Burger, a popular Western fast food franchise will inconspicuously print Bible verses on cups per customer request. Wendy’s owner Dave Thomas was quoted, saying, â€Å"You can be anything you want to be within the law of God and Man†. His success demonstrates how prosperous a Christian owned business can be when coupled with strong beliefs. Finally, Quaker Cadbury Adams from Parsippany, New Jersey established â€Å"Cadbury†, the 2nd largest producer of chocolate and drinks in the world. It purports a net income of $700 million a year (Forbes 2012). Clearly, business in America has benefited from diversity. However, it is important that Americans keep religious freedom in perspective. Religious freedom should not influence two entities to battle between the validity of their party’s beliefs. Darwin’s Theory of Evolution and Galileo’s heliocentric model of the universe are two examples in which Christianity has been tested. In the 1600’s, Catholics believed Galileo’s ideas were blasphemy. His theory that earth was not the only planet, much less the center of the universe, rocked the Church’s platform. Because he did not live in a democratic nation, his government put him under house arrest, all but silencing his discovery. However, Galileo’s theory was in fact only an explanation of the natural world. Although science and religion serve two different purposes, the Church took Galileo’s observation on nature as an attack on Christianity and locked him up. Today, Americans view the Church’s treatment as unjustified. Four hundred years and successful flights to the moon later, it is difficult to argue that the Church was correct in its attack on Galileo. From the perspective of a country with the First Amendment right, it seems unimaginable. However, today’s churches now test religious freedom. Under the protection of the Bill of Rights, Evangelical Christian D. James Kennedy has prosecuted Darwin’s Theory of Evolution. He believes evolution is, â€Å"a dangerous opinion that deems God’s judgment on Earth† (Kennedy 183) and has many dogmatic followers. He believes public schools should not teach evolution because it conflicts with Creationism. However, by law action taken on Kenney’s part infringes on the rights of others. His Christian agenda supersedes the beliefs of other faiths, such as Hinduism, Islamism, or Judaism, which contradicts freedom of expression. If Darwinism was kept from being taught in public schools, the government would be ignoring the rights of other faiths. Darwinism is taught in school is because his views are seen as science. Science deals with natural explanations about the world (Coriden 12). If science were to have a metaphysical stance involving supernatural explanations for the universe, it would cease to be a worthwhile pursuit. The explanation for a question would become too simple and deferred to God or another supernatural being. That understood, science is unable to disprove religion by fact and religion cannot disprove science by belief. A connection between the two would seem to be a non sequitur. Truly, neither harms the other. In fact, the opposite may be endorsed. The more discoveries science makes, the more difficult it makes man’s purpose to explain. People will turn to religion for comfort because usually a combination of the natural and supernatural will mold an individual’s sense of reality. Thankfully, America is a country where one can chose how much to believe in the natural and supernatural. The First Amendment puts no belief system ahead of another. The Founding Fathers believed in order to avoid religious persecution, that they must create a nation open to every ideology. As they intended, the United States flourished under the principles of equality. Today, the United States Constitution is used as reference for countries constructing a democratic nation because of the success and freedom Americans enjoy. Although the democratic system is not flawless, it opens the road to individual achievement that does not exist in all countries by allowing religious freedom and the freedom of expression. How to cite How Freedom of Religion Cultivates American Innovation, Papers

Theory Drucker Vs Bennis Essay Research Paper free essay sample

Theory: Drucker Vs Bennis Essay, Research Paper Introduction The direction techniques of Peter Drucker and Warren Bennis may differ ; nevertheless, the footing premiss is still the same. Both Drucker and Bennis are well-known experts in the field of direction. In fact, both of these work forces have formed great confederations in their callings. Let? s take a brief expression into the lives of Drucker and Bennis. Peter Drucker was born in Vienna in the early 1900? s. Today, Drucker is possibly the most influential author in the field of direction. He is the writer of 29 books, which have been translated into 20 linguistic communications ( cgu.edu ) . In 1925 Drucker assisted Claremont Graduate University in whirling off of the University and set uping The Peter F. Drucker Graduate School of Management. The school is comprised of many well-known Universities throughout the state ( cgu.edu/faculty ) . Even though Bennis is merely a fraction of the age of Drucker, he excessively is a well-known expert in the field of direction. Bennis is the writer of 27 books, which have besides been translated into 20 linguistic communications. Bennis is presently a Professor at Marshall School. It is with pride, Bennis lists his achievements on his personal web-site. Some of the more interesting achievements to do note of are: founding Chairman of the Leadership Institute at the University of Southern California and Fellow of the Royal Society of the Arts ( UK ) ( MOR module ) . Bennis began utilizing his leading accomplishments at the immature age of 20 when he served as the youngest foot commanding officer that fought in Germany ( MOR module ) . We will take a expression at the theories of Drucker and Bennis, every bit good as their positions on teamwork. Both have different attacks but both have profound penetration on both subjects. Theory: DRUCKER VS BENNIS Drucker is widely credited for contriving modern direction and for being the most influential direction adviser ( Gorr ) . The most noteworthy features sing Drucker? s positions are that he makes one think about what they do or what they are seeking to carry through and why. Invention is something that he tries to transfuse in each company he is confer withing with. As reported in? The Practice of Innovation? by Peter Senge, Drucker has three ingredients that make up the subject of invention. First, concentrating on the mission, he believes that one must hold a unequivocal end or intent in which they are seeking to prosecute in order to be successful. Second, specifying important consequences, or otherwise showing what is believed to be the awaited terminal consequence. Third, executing strict appraisals based on the undertakings that are being performed while seeking to adhere to the mission. This measure includes the willingness of all involved to throw out any undertakings, ideas, or processes that are non lending to the overall aim. A feeling of common trust must be established between direction and lower degree associates in order for non-management forces to come frontward with what they believe is non working during the assessment stage. Even though Drucker is known for assisting repair a company? s direction jobs, his? hole? goes deeper than purely the direction happening within that company. This idea is due to the fact that no company is immune to unmanageable external factors. He uses what is traveling on externally from the company, such as the market place, historical occurrences, and current political conditions in order to measure how the company should set ( Senge ) . In his sentiment, his suggestions to a company are non focused on the bottom line, but instead on the employees and how to steer them toward accomplishing their highest potency. Once this is achieved is when the company has succeeded and is run intoing its aim all about, because so in bend, the employees are endeavoring to make their best in run intoing the mission in the most effectual and efficient mode. Bennis is yet another well-respected authorization on direction. Bennis? chief theory is that of leading. His claim to celebrity is the thought of a? Great Group? . He believes that success comes from a? Great Leader? within a? Great Group? , and that one does non happen without the other ( Kurtzman ) . Harmonizing to Bennis, the? Great Group? instills positive qualities separately and as a squad by the spring and take doctrine. Each person has something that they can learn the other group members, therefore enriching each person and the group as a whole at the same clip. Along with Drucker, Bennis believes in a mission, nevertheless the difference is that Bennis believes that the mission must be highly meaningful. The company or organisation must do the mission or vision meaningful plenty to touch the really nucleus of each person so they feel as though it will do a difference to the multitudes ( Kurtzman ) . Once people find significance in what they do this increases their thrust and therefore additions productiveness. The occupation of the leader is to do everyone recognize merely how of import the mission is to the exterior. Flexibility and skill diverseness are the chief features of the hereafter leaders harmonizing to Bennis ( Kurtzman ) . The leaders he foresees must hold those two chief ingredients if they are to win. Flexibility comes into drama due to the ever-changing universe around us whether it be new authoritiess, skill degree of employees, or engineering. In add-on, leaders must hold character: unity, passion about the mission and the hereafter, wonder that will let them look for a better manner to carry through the mission, and the ability to see how things will be in the hereafter and steer the group towards that vision. Similar to Drucker? s need for direction to be unfastened to abandoning undertakings and/or thoughts that are non making the aim, Bennis? leader? s ability to steer the group may be hindered by direction if direction is non wholly unfastened to alter. If the company is merely seeking to keep the same ways of operations it has been devoted to for many old ages and is non to the full committed to opening the doors for suggestions and new thoughts so the? Great Group? and? Great Leader? go meaningless, as does the mission ( Bennis ) . TEAMWORK COMPARISON: DRUCKER VS. BENNIS Amalgamations and acquisitions are going a turning tendency for companies, both big and little, domestic and foreign, to organize strategic confederations within their peculiar industries. Drucker provinces? that confederations of all sorts are going progressively common, particularly in international concern? ( pg. 287 ) . There are many specific ends that companies may be looking to accomplish by making this, but the chief implicit in ground is to vouch the long-run sustained accomplishment of? fast profitable growing? for their concern. They have to maintain up with a quickly increasing diversified planetary market and increased competition. Nowadays, with the battle for competitory advantage going stronger and stronger, it is about indispensable to organize confederations. Diversifying and spread outing techniques such as amalgamations and acquisitions are a really popular methods for organizing these confederations. Basically stated, a amalgamation is a connection of forces and an acquisition is a purchase of a company, whether it is welcomed or hostile. The two footings are frequently used interchangeably. Drucker suggest that much research and planning is required in the early phases of these procedures, which starts with a scheme used in seeking to happen a suited company to hold an confederation with. Advantages and disadvantages of this confederation must be thought out, every bit good as many other of import facets, such as hazard factors and new organisational constructions that must be considered and closely monitored throughout all of the phases of the amalgamation or acquisition. When the stairss are followed and everything goes every bit planned, the consequence is a successful confederation. There will be good operating and market synergism between the companies. This new confederation will understand the importance of sharing each other? s capital, markets, and engineering in order to be a participant in the extremely competitory markets, enlargement of houses is necessary. It is about impossible to accomplish high profitableness all entirely. This growing is achieved through new merchandise development, acquisition of new workss and more machinery, and concern development activities. Firms are organizing confederations due to force per unit areas from their rivals. Corporations today must understand the fiscal and technological troubles, every bit good as the complex jobs associated with the existent interaction of people and programs when take parting in an confederation, and they must endeavor to put to death all of their programs to the maximal potency . Bennis, on the other manus, focuses more on teamwork within an organisation. His theory sing work groups fundamentally dressed ores on three major constructs, ? organic-adaptive? construction, group construction and? Great Groups? . It is Bennis? position that the American constitutions, one time in a bureaucratic province, are being replaced by a more? organic-adaptive? construction ( Bennis, 1970, p. 24 ) . Harmonizing to Bennis, an? organic-adaptive? construction is an? adaptative, problem-solving, impermanent system of diverse specializers that are linked together by organizing and undertaking measuring specializers in an organic flux ( p. 24 ) . Bennis explains that any and all major achievements made by corporations are a consequence of a collaborative attempt. In the yesteryear, oftentimes merely one individual by and large received the recognition for the achievement ; nevertheless, whether or non an achievement was publically recognized as an person or collaborative attempt, the fact remained that nil could hold been achieved without a squad of helpers. Bennis feels that in today? s society, that is complex and technologically sophisticated, the most pressing undertakings require the co-ordinated parts of many capable people ( Bennis, 1995, p. 3 ) . Besides, because timely information is the most of import trade good, Bennis believes that coactions is non merely desirable, but inevitable ( p. 3 ) . Harmonizing to Bennis, ? one is excessively little a figure to bring forth illustriousness? ( p. 3 ) . Bennis besides had the foresight, during the late 1960ss, to find that? while accomplishments in human interaction will go more of import, due to the turning demands for coaction in complex undertakings, there will be a attendant decrease in group coherence? , and an? organic-adaptive? corporate society will coerce? people to develop speedy and intense relationships on the occupation, and larn to bear the loss of more abiding work relationships? ( Bennis, 1 970, p. 25 ) . Group construction is another component that is imperative to Bennis. He feels that? groups are composed of a peculiar foreman and his immediate subsidiaries, get downing with the top and making lower degrees later on. Thus, the unit of grouping is the existent? household? group, and existent conditions become the focal point of analysis. This stage is based on the rule that if organisational alteration is to take topographic point, it must be supported by the existent organisational groupings and must be exemplified and reinforced by top direction? ( Bennis, 1996, p. 125 ) . Finally, Bennis believes that every organisation that has made great finds and achieved supreme achievements are the consequence of? Great Groups? ( Bennis, 1995, p. 1 ) . Persons that participate in? Great Groups? have several common features ( pg. 5-17 ) : ? They must hold a undertaking that brings out their corporate best. ? They are to the full engaged in the? thrilling procedure of find? , frequently, they do their most superb work in an severe environment. ? They all have model leaders, and tend to lose their manner if they lose their leading. ? They are fueled by wonder, and frequently have an unrealistic position of what they can carry through. Another of import facet of a? Great Group? is that the leaders are perceived as peers ( p.29 ) . Bennis gives several illustrations of? Great Groups? , the first being Michelangelo? s chef-doeuvre on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, and quotes William E. Wallace in stating that Michelangelo? was the caput of a good-sized entrepreneurial endeavor that collaboratively made are that bore his ( Michelangelo? s ) name? ( p. 5 ) . However, Bennis uses Disney? s vision and devising of the film? Snow White? as the premier illustration of a? Great Group? . It began with Disney? s vision, followed by a beat uping address to hike morale, a enlisting procedure that produced the best energizers in the concern, and a squad of people that were wholly enthralled with Disney? s vision and accomplishing the impossible ( pp. 37-38 ) . Before it was ready to be released, ? Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs would hold required 1000s of drawings, finally running a sum of 83 proceedingss and necessitate 250,000 finished drawings, in concurrence with the 100s of attempts of nonanimators ( p. 36 ) . Disney was instantly criticized with comments like, ? Who? 500 wage to see a drawing of a faery princess when they can watch Joan Crawford? s dumbbell for the same monetary value? ? ( p. 38 ) , merely as he had been in 1932 with his first creative activity of Mickey Mouse in? Steamboat Willie? , Disney was highly successful in his production of? Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs? . The film, which premiered on December 21, 1937, became the biggest movie of 1938, and brought in a sum of $ 8 million ( p. 46 ) . It held the box-office record until? Gone With the Wind? in 1939 and 1940 ( p. 46 ) . Disney showed how brilliant a undertaking could go when it is the merchandise of a? Great Group? . One construct that both Bennis and Drucker mentioned, when speech production of teamwork, is that America is get downing to mention the Nipponese attack to direction, recognizing the significance of teamwork, work groups, and how they can assist a company accomplish its ends and be more productive at a decreased cost. The positions of both work forces on teamwork were really similar, and they both agreed that it is a necessity to the outstanding hereafter of a company. Decision It is evident that both Drucker and Bennis have outstanding positions on the subject of teamwork. Drucker and Bennis agree on the importance of teamwork and groupings. One must make up ones mind with doctrine and attack better suits their organisation. What works for one organisation may non be the best solution or method for the following company. Whichever attack is decided upon, stick to it. Develop ends and implement alterations based on the one theory. Mentions Bennis, Warren. ( 1989 ) . ? Why Leaderships Can? t Lead? . Retrieved May 11, 2001. www.westy/jtwn.k12.pa.us/user/sja/bennis.html. Drucker, Peter F. Managing for the Future: The Trend Toward Alliances for Progress. New York: Penguin, 1992 Gorr, Lou. ( 1998 ) . A Reappraisal of The World Harmonizing to Peter Drucker. Retrieved May 10, 2001. www.insidebiz.com/hamptonroads/books/book082698.htm. Kurtzman, Joel. ( Third Quarter, 1997 ) . ? An Interview with Warren Bennis? , p. 1-8. Retrieved May 11, 2001. www.strategy-business.com/thoughtleaders/97308/page1.html. Senge, Peter. ( Summer 1998 ) . ? The Practice of Innovation. ? Leader to Leader. Retrieved May 10, 2001. www.pfdf.org/leaderbooks/l2l/summer98/senge.html. www.cgu.edu/faculty/druckerp.html Updated October 23, 1998. Retrieved May 14, 2001. www.drucker.cgu.edu Retrieved May 14, 2001. www.marshall.usc.edu/mor/people/BennisW.html Retrieved May 14, 2001.

Why We Fight

The 1942 film Why We Fight represents a classical example of American wartime propaganda. Given the fact that, during the course of thirties and forties, the majority of Americans shared an isolationist sentiment, it was crucially important for the America’s policy-makers at the time to convince citizens that country’s joining the WW2 was not optional.1Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Why We Fight specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, being a propaganda-piece, this particular film features a number of different of inconsistencies and even outright lies. In this paper, I will aim to substantiate the validity of an earlier suggestion at length. The main ideological premise, upon which the line of film’s argumentation appears to be based, is being concerned with its creators exploring the apparent dichotomy between what they refer to as a ‘free world, on the one hand, and a ‘world of slavery’, on the other. According to film’s narrator; whereas, America advances the cause of liberty, the countries of a ‘good ole Europe’ (specifically Germany and Italy), with their ally Japan, advance the cause of an oppression – pure and simple. What is being particularly ironic about this claim, is the fact that film’s creators went about substantiating claim’s legitimacy by making references to world’s major religions (Judaism, Christianity and Islam), as such that in their view endorse the cause of liberty. According to the twisted logic of film’s argumentation, American citizens’ strong sense of religiosity makes them naturally predisposed towards professing the values of democracy. This, of course, could not possibly be the case, because the very notion ‘religion’ is being synonymous to the notion of ‘intolerance’.2 Nevertheless, even if filmmakers were right about the fact that, people’s strong affiliation with religious values causes them to profess the values of democracy, film’s pathos would still not make much of a sense.Advertising Looking for critical writing on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The reason for this is simple – contrary to what it is being suggested in the film, the overwhelming majority of German Nazis, as well as ordinary German citizens who never ceased supporting Nazis right to the very end of the WW2, used to be just as devoted to Christianity as it was the case with America’s founding fathers, for example.3 Another proof, as to a conceptual fallaciousness of Why We Fight, is the fact that throughout film’s entirety, the narrator continues to refer to Hitler as someone who wanted to conquer the world. Such claim, of course, cannot be referred to as anything but extremely ignorant.4 After all, it is not only tha t Hitler never publically expressed his presumed intention to ‘conquer the world’, but throughout the initial phase of WW2, he actively sought to end the hostilities with Britain and France.5 Whatever improbable it may sound – the actual reason, behind the outbreak of WW2, was Poland’s stubborn unwillingness to allow Germany to build a railroad between Berlin and the German city of Danzig (Gdansk), which in 1918 was separated from the rest of Germany by a Treaty of Versailles.6 If creators of Why We Fight were concerned with trying to protect the world from being conquered, then it would not be Hitler, Mussolini and Hirohito featured in their film, but America’s ally Stalin. After all, unlike Hitler, Stalin never had any reservations against coming up with public statements as to the fact that world’s ‘capitalist’ were facing only two choices – to embrace the Communism or to be destroyed. Right up until the collapse of USS R in 1991, the Soviet coat of arms featured a Communist emblem of a hammer and sickle in the foreground of the whole planet. Moreover, Soviet Constitution openly stated that it was only the matter of time, before world’s independent nations would join USSR as ‘Soviet republics’.7 In the light of recently declassified Soviet secret documents, it appears that Stalin was preparing to attack Germany in July of 1941, with the ultimate purpose of this attack having been the ‘liberation’ of the whole Europe of a ‘capitalist oppression’.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Why We Fight specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More If it was not up to Hitler’s preventive attack of Soviet Union on June 22, 1941, even as early as by the end of 1941, Europe would have become nothing but a Westernmost part of Soviet ‘workers paradise’.8 After that, it would be the t urn for America to suffer the same fate – not an utterly improbable suggestion, especially given the fact that many members of Roosevelt’s inner circle (including his wife Eleanor) were self-admitted Communist spies.9 Therefore, film narrator’s referrals to the scenes of marching German soldiers and to the scenes of German obsolete tanks Pzkpfw-1 and Pzkpfw-2 rolling into Poland, as such that confirm the validity of his claims about the sheer evilness and potency of German war-machine, appear hypocritical, at best. First of all, film tactfully avoids mentioning the fact that it were not only ‘evil’ Germans that invaded Poland in the autumn of 1939, but their good ‘friends’ from Red Liberation Army, as well. If Poland’s Western allies were so much concerned about protecting this country’s independence, then why did they not declare a war on Soviet Union? Second, contrary to what film implies, up until 1943, the functioning of a German economy was based upon the essentially peacetime principles. This, however, cannot not be said about the functioning of Soviet economy from 1933 to 1945, which had only one single objective – to manufacture of as many weapons as possible. This is exactly the reason why; whereas, by the beginning of 1941, Hitler only had 3235 tanks (2500 of which were hopelessly obsolete), Stalin had 2830 tanks (including 700 tanks T-34 and 530 tanks KV-1).10 Nevertheless, one does not have to be a scholar of WW2 to note the essentially hypocritical nature of Why We Fight, as the example of America’s wartime propaganda, because film’s hypocrisies are being well visible even to a naked eye.Advertising Looking for critical writing on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For example; whereas, narrator never ceases to state that America’s only objective in the WW2 is to promote democracy, equality and tolerance, on the one hand, he simultaneously continues to refer to Japanese people as ‘dirty Japs’, on the other. It is fully understandable that, after Japan’s attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, the majority of Americans have realized Japanese as their enemies. Still, even though film’s narrator portrays Nazis as America’s sworn enemies, as well, he nevertheless does not talk of them as nothing short of sub-humans. Therefore, it will only be logical to conclude that, despite his pretentious ‘anti-Nazism’, the narrator himself is not being too different from Nazis, to begin with. I believe that the provided earlier line of argumentation, in defense of a suggestion that many claims, contained in Why We Fight, cannot be considered even slightly objective, is being fully consistent with paper’s ini tial thesis. In its turn, this implies that citizens should never cease thinking critically about what the governmentally endorsed propaganda wants them to believe, especially if this propaganda appears to be designed for weakening a self-preservation instinct in people, so that they would not be having any objections against the prospect of being turned into a ‘cannon meat’ overseas. References Boyle, Peter. â€Å"The Roots of Isolationism: A Case Study,† Journal of American  Studies 6, no. 1 (1972): 41-50. Carlton, David. â€Å"Churchill in 1940: Myth and Reality,† World Affairs 156, no. 2 (1993): 97-103. Cline, Catherine. â€Å"British Historians and the Treaty of Versailles,† Albion: A  Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies 20, no. 1 (1988): 43-58. McNeal, Robert. â€Å"Roosevelt through Stalin’s Spectacles,† International Journal 18 (1962-63): 194-206. Nagata, Judith. â€Å"Beyond Theology: Toward an Anthropology o f ‘Fundamentalism’,† American Anthropologist, New Series 103, no. 2 (2001): 481-498. Raack, R. C. â€Å"Stalin’s Role in the Coming of World War II: The International Debate Goes On,† World Affairs 159, no. 2, (1996): 47-54. Steigmann-Gall, Richard. The Holy Reich: Nazi Conceptions of Christianity,  1919-1945. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003. Suvorov, Viktor. Icebreaker: Who Started the Second World War? London: Hamish Hamilton, 1990. Taylor, A. J. P. The Origins of the Second World War. London: Penguin, 1964. The War Department. Why We Fight Part 1 – â€Å"Prelude to War† (1942). YouTube. [Video]. Web. Uldricks, Teddy. â€Å"The Icebreaker Controversy: Did Stalin Plan to Attack Hitler?†Ã‚  Ã‚  Slavic Review 58, no. 3 (1999): 626-643. Footnotes 1 Peter Boyle, â€Å"The Roots of Isolationism: A Case Study,† Journal of American Studies 6, no. 1 (1972): 44. 2 Judith Nagata, â€Å"Beyond Theology: Toward an Ant hropology of ‘Fundamentalism’,† American Anthropologist, New Series 103, no. 2 (2001): 482. 3Richard Steigmann-Gall, The Holy Reich. Nazi Conceptions of Christianity, 1919-1945 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 267. 4 A. J. P. Taylor, The Origins of the Second World War, (London: Penguin, 1964), 15. 5 David Carlton, â€Å"Churchill in 1940: Myth and Reality,† World Affairs 156, no. 2 (1993): 101. 6 Catherine Cline, â€Å"British Historians and the Treaty of Versailles,† Albion: A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies 20, no. 1 (1988): 54. 7 R. C. Raack, â€Å"Stalin’s Role in the Coming of World War II: The International Debate Goes On,† World Affairs 159, no. 2, (1996): 49. 8 Viktor Suvorov, Icebreaker: Who started the Second World War? (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1990): 10. 9 Robert H. McNeal, â€Å"Roosevelt through Stalin’s Spectacles.† International Journal 18 (1962-63): 203. 10 Teddy Uldricks, à ¢â‚¬Å"The Icebreaker Controversy: Did Stalin Plan to Attack Hitler?† Slavic Review 58, no. 3 (1999): 642. This critical writing on Why We Fight was written and submitted by user Dark Wasp to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Mt Saint Helans essays

Mt Saint Helans essays height: 2,549 meters or 8,364 feet - 9,677 feet before May 18, 1980 Number of eruptions in past 200 years: 2-3 Latest Eruptions: Between 1660-1700, around 1800-1802, 1831, 1835, 1842-1844, 1847-1854, 1857, 1980-? Present thermal activity: strong steaming Remarks: continuous intermittent activity since 1980 with occasional eruptions of steam and ash; occasional pyroclastic flows; intermittent dome forming. MSH is considered a young volcano that developed over the last 40,000 years and is one of the most active volcanoes in the Cascade Range. Geologists predicted that the volcano would erupt before the year 2000. The May 18, 1980 eruption of Mount SH was the most destructive in the history of the United States. In a matter of hours, MSH caused loss of lives and widespread destruction of valuable property because of the avalanche, lateral blast and mudflows. On March 20, 1980, starting with an earthquake that was followed by many others, MSH became active again after a quiet period of 123 years. On March 27, 1980, there was a huge explosion and MSH began blowing ash and steam. This lasted until May 14, 1980. The explosion in March opened up two craters that quickly became one huge crater. While this was happening, an enormous bulge on the north side of the mountain top appeared. It grew about six feet each day. Geologist kept measuring the bulge, recording the earthquakes and sampling the ash and gases. By May, the bulge was 300 feet wide and more than one mile in length. On May 18 at 8:32 in the morning, Mount St.. Helens erupted taking the top 1,200 feet off the volcano. The eruption went on until nightfall. The area of destruction was 230 square miles and was one of the largest landslides ever recorded in history. The blast was preceded by two months of intense activity that included over 10,000 earthquakes, hundreds of small phreatic (steam blasts) , explosions and the north side bulge. A magnitude 5.1 earthquake bel...

MS Word tips for a great-looking resume

MS Word tips for a great-looking resume No matter how impressive your education and career have been so far, if you can’t find a polished way to put it all down on paper no one will give you a second look. Put it this way: according to TheLadders, recruiters only spend six seconds looking at each resume. If what they see in that flash of time is sloppy, disorganized, and hard to follow, you won’t be contacted any time soon. Your resume is such a crucial document, so why not make it the best it can be? We’ve compiled some basic Microsoft Word tips you can fold into your resume that will help you show off in a way that’s organized and easy to scan.Save and send as a PDF.Not only does saving your resume as a PDF (â€Å"Save As† and then change file type to PDF) increase the security of your document, it ensures that the person reading your resume will see the document exactly as you intend them to- with no risk of their computer or software messing with your carefully chosen formatting. Just make sure to open up your saved PDF and do a quick check to make sure it looks the way you want it to before you send.Get extra space with a header.If you’re having trouble cramming all your information into the one page and everything is squished together, try creating a header and moving your contact information there. Just make sure you match the formatting (font and general style) to the rest of your resume so it looks like a cohesive document.Use bolding and underlines to set sections apart.Set your job titles and section headings apart from the rest of your text by bolding them. This makes it easier for recruiters and hiring managers to skim through your experience. Also, adding a line beneath section headers can increase readability if space is tight.At the same time, take care not to overuse bolding- its purpose is to call attention to key parts of your document. If too much is bolded, the eye doesn’t know where to go and the point is lost. Stick with headings and you’ll be fine.Use bullets with lists.Bullet points are a great way to organize subsections,  such as a list of your relevant skills, in a way that’s easy to skim. Make sure to list the big ticket ones first, as these will be the ones a recruiter or hiring manager will definitely see at a quick glance.Separate text in the same line with bullets.Setting items apart within a single line (say, a list of skills in a summary or headline that stretches across the top of your document) is a polished way to make a list that doesn’t take up a lot of vertical room. Select the space between words, go Insert/Advanced Symbol, then select your desired bullet.Align your dates.Use the spacebar or tab key to move your dates all the way out to cozy up to the right margin, making sure they all align going down the page. This makes your job titles and descriptions look less cluttered.Cheat on line spacing.If you need to free up space and can’t cut any text, try decrea sing the line spacing in sections that can be tightened without becoming hard to read. Highlight the text in question, and then fiddle with the Line Spacing Options in the character spacing tab on your home tab. If it looks silly to you, though, it will look silly to a recruiter. It’s better to cut text than to have a block of small text mashed together that’s impossible to read.

Relationship between minimalism and Pop Art Essay

Relationship between minimalism and Pop Art - Essay Example Originated in Britain during the late 1950s up to 1960s, the pop art movement was formed to go against the concept of both abstract expressionism and minimalism . As such, the pop art movement challenges that way traditional fine arts were created. Likewise, the development of pop art movement also tried to put a distinction between the creation of â€Å"high art and low popular culture†. Based on aesthetical issues, the history of art movement, and social responses, this essay will purposely discuss the main relationship between minimalism and pop art. As part of the main discussion, similarities and differences between minimalism and pop art will be identified followed by determining the link that creates connection between these two types of art movements. In relation to American art and culture as well as the whole â€Å"anti-abstract expressionism†, the works of pop artists such as Andy Warhol and Robert Rauschenberg and minimalism artists such as Frank Stella and Donald Judd will be considered in this study. Depending on iconography, colours, forms, lines, shape, texture and other similar factors, at least one (1) work example coming from each of these four artists will be compared and contrast to show antithetical connections, similarities, and differences between minimalism and pop art. Both the minimalism and pop art movement was at its peak sometime in 1960s , . In line with this, one of the most obvious similarities between the minimalism and pop art group of artists is that both movements.

Business plan of shop for quality and well designed jewelry, shoes, Essay

Business plan of shop for quality and well designed jewelry, shoes, earrings, handbags - Essay Example Of all the factors that have initiated the high demand for cloths in the global market, technological improvement contributes approximately 60% of the total sales (Joshi, 2005). Based on the effectiveness of the online selling techniques in terms of expanding the customers base, companies that have gone global emulates e-commerce and social sites such as face book and twitter to market their products. Being focused to meet the increased demand for women wears, we are establishing a business referred to as Shoesholic enterprises (Gartner, 1985). Shoesholic allows working women and young ladies in colleges to shop for quality and well designed jewelry, shoes, earrings as well as handbags right from our outlets. It is essential to note that selling a modern and well fitting outfit that makes women feel special is our purpose. Shoesholic aims to make celebrities as well as other women to feel proud and enjoy the red carpet treatment. This achievement is based our commitment to emulate pr oduct diversification that entails products that comes with a personalized services and styles that are only experienced by celebrities (Richard, 2010). In our research we have realized that women can shop for their shoes anywhere. But unless a lady customer walks into a high priced boutiques located in Major UK cities, they cannot get personalized services during their shopping. We are therefore determined to end this buying pattern by providing online offers that offers personalized attention to all our women customers (Needham, 1996). This paper analyses our business plan by discussing our main business objectives, strategies, finances and other major aspects that Shoesholic will adopt to retain a competitive edge. Mission statement The mission of Shoesholic is to sell high quality women outfits that include leather bags, jewelry and shoes among others. Based on our affordable prices, we are aimed at attracting large number of customers regardless of their social and economic sta tus. As a way of enhancing a positive product-customer relationship, we are setting up a physical shop in UK (Abell, 2009). In this way, all the customers’ queries and feedback will be received thus ensuring that our products meet the needs of every customer. Shoesholic is focused at proving adequate and regular training to all employees as a way of ensuring that they acquire relevant skills to deal with the customers. This is a key role that our customer care department under the leadership of an external public relationship officer will undertake. Objectives of Shoesholic 1) To increase the company sales by 60% in the next five years. 2) To open at least 50 retail outlets in various parts of the world in the next five years as a way of effectively serving our customer base. 3) To increase monthly wages or employees by 50% in the next 2 years. This will improve their productivity thus enhancing the profitability of Shoesholic. 4) To

Creation Perspective Essay Example for Free

Creation Perspective Essay The account of creation as described in the Bible in Genesis 1-3 is totally different to what evolutionary theories of origin have been propagating – which themselves (i. e. non-biblical theories) have been successfully made a part of the populace’s theoretical presupposition in terms of man’s or the universe’s origin. Today, rarely, if there’s any, can one find a completely sold-out creationist (one who hold to the biblical view of creation’s origin). This is basically due to the fact that the government sanctioned standard educational curriculum does not allow for biblical creationism’s view to be taught in schools – even to posit it as one possible theory among many theories like evolution. This state of affairs among schools is indeed unfortunate for students to whom every opportunity for true balanced learning should be promoted. What if there really is a Creator who created all these things? And, if this is a fact in contrast to the supposed origin posed by atheistic presupposition, namely, evolution, then, the deprivation in terms of factual presentation of realities would be immense. Facts About â€Å"Original† Creations Genesis 1-3 did not defensively argue for intelligent design (another technical term for biblical creationism). These three beginning chapters of Genesis, which introduce the readers to the fact of creation, do not have a hint of a feel of laborious presentation as to how it all happened to be. The record just assumes a wise and powerful Creator. For example, the first verse simply stated the fact that before everything ever had their existence there was God (Genesis 1:1), and He is the One who caused the creation – the Uncaused Cause who generated the â€Å"first effect† (the universe). Thus, Moses points his readers to God as the unmistakable Originator of all things. After assuming the presence of the Creator, the next thing he proceeded to tell was the fact of the nature or the way God the Creator created the original universe. By observation, a keen reader would not have failed to notice the repeated expression, â€Å"It was good,† from the mouth of the Creator. In just one chapter (Genesis 1), the phrase was reiterated six times. Note that the emphasis being made here is the perfection of the whole environment of the then newly created world. It was perfect as habitat for all living creation – the whole biological world. Creation researchers today labor to highlight the evidences for this perfect environment just for today’s generation to see the facts of Genesis account. Now, believers of biblical creation can speak scientifically of Intelligent Design because the bulk of the available proofs are staggering (check for example http://www. creationscience. com). In the third chapter though, the Genesis narrative turned sour. Genesis three attests to the historical fact of the first couple’s Fall (â€Å"the Fall† is theologians’ name for that Event of Adam Eve’s defiance of God’s clear command). It was at this point in human history that all of the ugliness and abnormalities of life were introduced. In the New testament, in Romans 5:12-19, the Apostle Paul refers to Genesis 3 as the access point of death. Actually, the doctrine of how sin entered the world is crucially important for understanding the evils of this world. Although it might not explain everything about the problem of evil, it is an essential part of the whole treatment of the subject. And so, one of the major presuppositions of biblical theology is the fact that the world for what it is today – humanity and the entire creation – is not what it was then as recorded in Genesis 1 and 2. The one truth about the human race and the created world which is stressed all throughout the Bible from Genesis 3 onwards to the book of Revelation is: the human race and the whole creation are in their fallen state and therefore in the process of redemption. Genesis 1-3 As The Foundation truth As one reads succeeding biblical records regarding creation, it is notable that the basic elements about creation are retained and therefore sustained all throughout. Psalm 104 is one example among many Scriptural passages. God is affirmed as the Creator and Sustainer. Comparing the psalmist’s attestation to the fact of God’s creating of certain features of creation, like how the Creator ordered certain aspects of ecology (Psalm 104:14, Genesis 1:29-30), and how God set the moon and sun as â€Å"time setters† to indicate seasons, days, and years (Psalm 104:19, Genesis 1:14), the inspired psalmist only buttressed the fact that the opening chapters of Genesis are foundational knowledge as to the facts of the origins of everything about creation. Now, when other biblical narrative such as those recorded by Matthew as Jesus’ teachings like the so-called Sermon on the Mount (Matthew 5:43-48, 6:24-34), the focus turns to the fact of Adam and Eve’s fall into sin (Genesis 3) which made the realities of Jesus’ day understandable. Apostle Paul’s teaching on rapture, where believers according to him, will be changed â€Å"in an instant† (1 Corinthians 15:20-28, 15:35-56), supports the fact that redemption is in its process. Paul’s letter to the Romans (Romans 8:18-30) confirms the effects of the curse on earth uttered immediately after the couple sinned (Genesis 3). Thus, different records of various biblical writers are not supposed to be seen as contradictory but rather confirmatory and complimentary when taken together as a whole. The book of Genesis serves as a preface to the whole Bible given its primacy as to its place in the canon (it is the first book of the Bible). It is therefore helpful to interpret and balance the succeeding biblical records to the basic presuppositions found in the first three chapters of Genesis. Jesus, as the Living Word and as the Creator (John 1:1-3), who revealed all these basic truths of creation to Moses should not be taken at His teachings recorded in the four Gospels as contradicting the Genesis record. It is only right to understand Him as affirming the foundational truths of Genesis. The same with other inspired biblical authors; their writings should be understood (especially when they are dealing with sin and its problem inflicted on man and nature), in the light of what they previously understood from early revelations. Works Cited: 1. ) Accessed at http://www. creationscience. com/onlinebook/ 2. ) The Holy Bible. New King James Version. 1982. Published by Thomas Nelson, Inc.

The Practices and Beliefs of Islam Essay -- Islam Religion Islamic Ess

The Practices and Beliefs of Islam Islam is a religion that has existed for millions of years. The followers believed that there is one God and Muhammad is his messenger. Muhammad was deeply troubled by the idols worship of Arabs and the moral ills of society. When he was about 40, he was meditating and heard a voice. According to Muslim the belief the voice was that of the angel Gabriel it said, 'Proclaim.' When Muhammad asked what should I proclaim the voice responded with proclaim in the name of God. Muhammad was a young man born in Mecca about the year 570. Orphaned at an early age, Muhammad was cared for by his uncle. In his youth he worked as a shepherd among the Bedouins. Later he led caravans across the desert for merchants. When he was 25, Muhammad married Khadija. It was ...

Chemistry Concentration and Molarity Lab Essay

I solved for my unknown by plugging in â€Å"y† as my given transmittance value, which was 85.0. y = -278x + 100.12 .85 = -278x + 100.12 -99.27 = -278x X = .357M (concentration) The relationship between the transmittance values and the concentration is an indirect relationship. Whenever the concentration increases, the transmittance decreases. It can also be reversed, so when the concentration decreases, the transmittance increases. For this graph, the line should not touch the origin because it is a negative slope. In order for the concentration to be 0, the transmittance level must be at exactly 100%. This means that all the light particles are transmitted directly through the object without any levels of concentration. Y = 1.4599x – 0.0068 .07 = 1.4559x – 0.0068 X = 0.05 The 2nd graph was between concentration and absorbance. This is a direct relationship because as the concentration increased, the absorbance also increased. For this graph, the line should touch the origin because it is a positive slope going from lower values to higher values. Also it passes through the origin because direct variation relationships are in the form of y = mx, where y and m are constant variables. For the absorbance value to zero, the concentration must be also be zero. Should the line of Concentration versus Absorbance go through the origin? As stated above, the line should touch and go through the origin eventually because it is a positive slope going from lower values to higher values. It is a direct variation relationship.

A contemplation Upon flowers by Henry King and Once Upon A Time by Gabriel Okara

In the poems â€Å"Once upon a Time† by Gabriel Okara and â€Å"A Contemplation Upon Flowers† by Henry King, both speakers yearn for transformation and spiritual renewal of their minds. In the poem â€Å"A Contemplation Upon Flowers† by Henry King the speaker reflects on his character. He compares the life of flowers to human life and how these flowers accept death with open arms, unlike him who fears it. He wishes to be brave like these flowers in the face of death. He also admires the humility of these flowers and wishes to have that quality in him.He years for spiritual transformation because he does not want to spend the rest of his life fearing death but to live it to the fullest. In the poem â€Å"Once Upon A Time† by Gabriel Okara, the speaker also years for spiritual transformation. The speaker, who seems to be a father, compares his life as an innocent child to the complications he now faces as an adult and realizes that he is no longer happy with his life. He years for this spiritual transformation because he wants to learn from his son and no longer be fake and to also have back his old life where everything was done with a good heart.King makes great use of personification to make us have a fair understanding of the poem. An example of this device is â€Å"Brave flowers that I could gallant it like you, and be as little vain. † He uses the word ‘gallant’ to describe the bravery of these flowers and how they are not cowards in the face of death and the phrase ‘little vain’ to show these flowers are humble and gracious and he deeply admires these qualities and years to have them in himself.Okara also makes great use of poetic devices. An example is a simile, â€Å"Most of all, I want to relearn how to laugh, for my laugh in the mirror shows only my teeth like a snake’s bare fangs. † This tells us that he knows he is fake just like his friends and does not want to be like this. He years for transformation for this reason because he does not want to be hypocritical anymore and wants to laugh with love and meaning to regain his quality of sincerity.The idea of spiritual transformation was used well in this poem. In both poems , the poets looks at the human conditions, specifically at man’s weakness and they both yearn for change in themselves to become better persons. I personally sympathize with both speakers in these poems because I too have my own weaknesses and fears that I too want to be transformed so that I can get over these and live my life happy and innocent, even when I become an adult.

Biography of Pedro Alonso Lopez, Monster of the Andes

Biography of Pedro Alonso Lopez, Monster of the Andes Pedro Alonzo Lopez (born October 8, 1948) was responsible for the murders of over 350 children, yet in 1998 he was set free despite his vows to kill again. Rumors regarding his whereabouts have swirled since the late 1990s. Fast Facts: Pedro Alonzo Lopez Known For: Serial killer, responsible for the brutal murders of over 350 childrenAlso Known As: Monster of the AndesBorn: October 8, 1948Parents: Midardo Reyes, Benilda Là ³pez De CastenedaNotable Quote: They Never Scream. They Expect Nothing. They Are Innocent. Early Years Lopez was born on October 8, 1948, in Tolima, Colombia, a time when the country was in political turmoil and crime was rampant. He was the seventh of 13 children born to a Colombian prostitute. When Lopez was eight, his mother caught him touching his sisters breast, and she kicked him out of the house forever. Trust Me, Trust Me Not Lopez became a beggar on the violent Colombian streets. He was soon approached by a man who sympathized with the boys situation and offered him a safe home and food to eat. Lopez, desperate and hungry, did not hesitate and went with the man. Instead of going to a comfortable home, he was taken to an abandoned building and repeatedly sodomized and returned to the street. During the attack, Lopez angrily vowed he would do the same to as many little girls that he could, a promise he later kept. After being raped by the pedophile, Lopez became paranoid of strangers, hiding during the day and scavenging for food at night. Within a year he left  Tolima  and wandered to the town of Bogota. An American couple reached out to him after feeling pity for the thin boy begging for food. They brought him to their home and enrolled him in a school for orphans, but when he was 12, a male teacher molested him. Shortly afterward, Lopez stole money and fled back into the streets. Prison Life Lopez, lacking in education and skill, survived on the streets by begging and committing petty thievery. His stealing advanced to car theft, and he was paid well when he sold the stolen cars to chop shops. He was arrested at the age of 18 for car theft and sent to prison. After a few days of being there, he was gang-raped by four prisoners. The anger and rage he experienced as a child rose inside him again, consuming him. He made another vow to himself; to never be violated again. Lopez got his revenge for the rape by killing three of the four men responsible. Authorities added two years to his sentence, deeming his actions as self-defense. During his incarceration, he had time to revisit his life, and a quiet rage toward his mother became monstrous. He also dealt with his sexual needs by browsing pornographic magazines. Between his prostitute mother and the pornography, Lopezs only knowledge of women fed his demented hatred for them. Release and Rearrest In 1978, Lopez was released from prison, moved to Peru, and began kidnapping and killing young Peruvian girls. He was caught by a group of Indians and tortured, buried up to his neck in the sand, but was later freed and deported to Ecuador. Experiencing near death did not influence his murderous ways and his killing of young girls continued. The increase of missing girls was noticed by authorities, but it was concluded that they had likely been kidnapped by child peddlers and sold as sex slaves. In April 1980, a flood exposed the bodies of four murdered children, and the Ecuadorian authorities realized there was a serial murderer at large. Shortly after the flood, Lopez was caught trying to abduct a young girl after the child’s mother intervened. The police could not get Lopez to cooperate, so they enlisted the help of a local priest, dressed him as a prisoner, and placed him in a cell with Lopez. The trick worked. Lopez was quick to share his brutal crimes with his new cellmate. Lopez Confesses When confronted by the police about the crimes he shared with his cellmate, Lopez broke down and confessed. His memory of his crimes was very clear, which was remarkable since he confessed to killing at least 110 children in Ecuador, more than 100 more in Colombia, and another 100 in Peru. Lopez admitted that he would walk the streets looking for innocent girls who he would lure away with the promise of gifts. Lopez often brought the girls to prepared graves, sometimes filled with the dead bodies of other girls he had killed. He would calm the child with soft reassuring words throughout the night. At sunrise he would rape and strangle them, satisfying his sick sexual needs as he watched their eyes fade as they died. He never killed at night because he could not see his victims eyes and felt, without that element, the murder was a waste. In Lopezs confession, he told of having tea parties and playing morbid games with the deceased children. He would prop them up in their graves and talk to them, convincing himself that his little friends liked the company. But when the dead children failed to answer, he would become bored and go off to find another victim. Monster of the Andes The police found his ghastly confession hard to believe, so Lopez agreed to take them to the graves of the children. More than 53 bodies were found, which was enough for the investigators to take him at his word. The public renamed him Monster of the Andes as more information about his crimes became known. For his crimes of raping, killing, and mutilating over 100 children, Lopez received a sentence of life in prison. Lopez never showed remorse for his crimes. In a prison interview with journalist Ron Laytner, he said if he ever got out of prison he would happily return to killing young children. The pleasure he received from his demented acts of murder overpowered any sense of right from wrong, and he admittedly looked forward to the opportunity to wrap his hands around the throat of his next child. Second Release No one was concerned that Lopez would have the opportunity to kill again. If paroled from the prison in Ecuador, he would still have to stand trial for his murders in Colombia and Peru. But after 20 years of solitary confinement, in the summer of 1998, it is said that Lopez was taken in the middle of the night to the Colombia border and released. Neither Colombia or Peru had the money to bring the madman to justice. Whereabouts Unknown Whatever happened to The Monster of the Andes is unknown. Many suspect and hope that one of the many bounties offered for his death eventually paid off and that he is dead. If Lopez has escaped his enemies and is still alive, there is little doubt that he has returned to his old ways. Sources Pearson, Nick. â€Å"Worlds Second Worst Serial Killer Walked Free from Prison.†Ã‚  9News Breaking News, 9News, 5 Dec. 2018.Serena, Katie. â€Å"Serial Killer Who Murdered 300 People Was Released From Jail, And No One Knows Where He Is.†Ã‚  All Thats Interesting, 30 Nov. 2018.â€Å"The Monster Of The Andes: South American Serial Killer Pedro Lopez.†Ã‚  Did You Know?, 17 July 2017.

Tips on how to be outgoing and social

Tips on how to be outgoing and social How to become more outgoing and social student Some students face some difficulties with socializing while entering the university. It can be not easy to make new friends and reveal yourself. However, there are many useful tips which can help you become more outgoing and social student. You should just practice a lot, become more confident, and present yourself to your student community. Make the eye contact It is very important to make eye contact with the people around you while being in different social situations. Eye contact establishes the connection between people. You look can be understood as invitation. Establish eye contact and give a friendly smile. It is just perfect if the person responds, but otherwise don`t force interaction on somebody who isn`t interested in you. Being outgoing means to know where and when you should approach other people. Don`t be shy to introduce yourself Of course, it is not an easy task to introduce yourself when you are somewhere on a social meeting. You can find many people who may feel the same as you. Be the first to say â€Å"hello†. Be friendly and outgoing, but not pushy. Leave the person, if he or she is disinterested. Search for a common interest Find out which things you have in common with the person you have just got acquainted with. Talk about your mutual friends, work, interests, and hobbies. Such themes should open up further topics for your conversation. Be careful and try to avoid judgmental and offensive comments. Go on working on your existing friendships Improve your relations with people you know for a very long time. Become more connected and try to gain new experiences together. You can easily introduce each other to new people and expand the circle of acquaintances. Remember that being outgoing is a skill It can take some time to learn the skill of being outgoing. Just set a goal and work persistently on yourself. Decide what exactly challenges you. Don`t be afraid to ask some outgoing people about how they managed to achieve such success in overcoming their social phobia. Change yourself for you Don`t start your inner changes only because somebody told you to do that. It should be your own initiative. You should remember that being shy and being an introvert is quite normal. In any case you have to be yourself and behave naturally. However, if your shyness bothers you, try to do something to feel yourself more comfortable. Practice your smile A real smile produces feeling of happiness, lowers stress, and brings positive emotions and joy. If your smiling is natural, the muscles around your eyes and mouth are activated. So, practice your smiling in front of the mirror. Dress for success The way you look can help you be more outgoing and confident. Dressing expresses your personality and your feeling about yourself. If you are nervous about going somewhere just wear those things that make you feel attractive and powerful. You can easily make some compliments to the person who is wearing something you really like. Join a club and master a hobby It is a good idea to join a club and interact with people who share the same interest with you. Clubs are great for shy people as they encourage socializing and make them share their experiences. Moreover, your hobby can help you become more outgoing, confident, and proud. You can always share your interests with your new acquaintances. Try talking to new people Talk to anyone and everyone. Of course, it can be quite uncomfortable to talk with strangers, but the more you try, the easier your interaction with people will be. Be an active listener It is very important to show the person that you are engaged in the conversation. Focus on the topic, look at the person, nod, repeat central ideas, use brief expressions, don`t interrupt, and don`t plan your response.

Loyality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Loyality - Essay Example Most of us often go through life oblivious of what goes on in other states enjoying the bliss of life. We depend on the media to give us a picture of what life is like, despite the fact that in most cases it often fails to depict the real picture. We make so many assumptions without even the least bit of information that can easily help us base our judgments. Racism and economic inequality is a reality that has been in the society for years, despite the fact that most people fail to acknowledge it. All it takes is a simple look around us to finally see the reality of what exists. Most people base their judgments on what they hear and rarely ever do so based on their experience. In her essay, she talks about the â€Å"white trash† she comes across in Mexico. In spite of the fact that she was an American herself, she felt like she was better than them simply because they acted differently than her. She tries to call the reader’s attention to things so inherent that they have become imperceptible to us, such as our assumptions on race. She states â€Å"In the United States, it is very easy for me to forget that the people around me are my people. It is easy, with all our divisions, to think of myself as an outsider in my own country.† (Biss, 93). Although in her country she could easily separate herself from others and act like she was better than others, while in Mexico she finally got to see herself from other people’s perspective. She used to pride herself in the fact that she was better simply because she was a well refined woman from a good background with good education. The US has always been regarded as a land that holds better promises which is why most immigrants are so quick to try and sneak in hoping to find a better life than what they have left behind. To most people’s surprise, life is not any better

Reflective Responses Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Reflective Responses - Assignment Example Likewise in an organization power is formal, comes to an individual through the position he holds in the organization (Robbins et al 2001), it demands obedience from subordinates to the commands given by his superior, irrespective of subordinates personal goals and interests and his legitimacy of power comes from authority he exerts (PPK 2013). However Weber also pointed out that just because he holds the position, the position power does not become his property rather it is the relationship between him and the subordinate and how he is able to exert his authority (PPK 2013). Because I have seen that even though individuals hold same position in an organization they do not have the same influence on their subordinates. It shows that position in an organization gives power however it is the relationship between the superior and the subordinate that actually defines it and make it effective. ... n is also relevant as of some of the most successful organizations is a result of their charismatic leaders who played a central role (PPK 2013) for example Bill Gates CEO of Microsoft, Steve Jobs former CEO of Apple etc., whose charismatic leadership not only resulted in one of the most successful products and services but also motivated and brought out the innovative qualities of their employees and used their creativity for a common goal that is organizational success. Their charismatic leadership and vision helped in establishing such huge and successful companies that are known for delivering innovative products with high quality example iPhone, iPad by Apple and Windows by Microsoft. †¢ â€Å"The most basic prerequisite of power is that one person or group believes it is dependent on another person or group for a resource of value† (McShane et al 2013, p.318). Reflect on this claim from a critical perspective, and illustrate your answer with a real-life example deri ved from PPK materials or from your own experience or observation. Power is definitely a function of dependency, the greater an individual depends upon other for a resource of value, and the greater the other person has power over the individual in a relationship. One person can exert power on another only when that person controls something valuable that is desired by another. For example in an organization a superior enjoys power over subordinates because through his position controls their rewards which subordinates consider as valuable and thus their behaviour is influenced because of that dependency. Reward can be in financial or non-financial (Robbins et al 2001). It is not only true in organizational perspective but also true in personal relationships. For example when children are dependent

The question of diversity and evolution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The question of diversity and evolution - Essay Example During the process of natural selection, the offspring obtain their biological traits from the parent organism. This process of inheritance is usually geared towards developing an organism that is best suited to survive in the eternal environment in which it is being born into (Söll, Nishimura and Moore). This is accomplished through inheritance. However, inheritance encourages and increases competition. This is because the natural selection and inheritance process provides only the best genetically material for the offspring. This creates a situation where the offspring competes with the parent organism for the available resources. However, the offspring is favored to best survive in this environment owing to the fact that the new organism ideally has the best possible genetic make-up available from the parent organism to best survive in their environment. Therefore, inheritance increase and encourages competition within a given ecosystem. This concept is generally true. This is because history has shown that the next generation is usually far much improved and more efficient in survival within their environment compared to the parent organism (Gibson). A good example is the history and evolution of man. Previous species of human beings were apes. Through the process of natural selection and inheritance, modern day Homo sapiens have the ability to best survive in the changing environment as compared to previous species from which human beings originated. These previous species have become extinct due to their inability to adapt and survive and the competition that they received from their more advanced and evolved counterparts. This argument can however be challenged. This can be achieved by looking at the fact that there are numerous cases where natural selection does not improve the species that originates from the parent organism. Again, human provide the best example to this. While the natural selection

The Film Industry Of Bollywood Cultural Studies Essay

The Film Industry Of Bollywood Cultural Studies Essay Bollywood, the second largest film industry is widely known for its form of creative art. It is a form of art with the ability to entertain, educate, and reflect and shape our sense of who we are and our understanding of the society in which we live in. In Hindi films there exits the hero and heroine, however gender hierarchy can be seen and importance is imposed on the male actor. One would agree that the Hindi film industry is male-centric, with limited space for females to be versatile in the character they play. The roles played by the heroine are the same guidelines seen within the Indian society. The Indian society is an influence to Bollywood and is what shapes and defines the roles played by females in films. The portrayal of women in Hindi films has been stable in correspondence to the norms and values contained by the Indian society. If the image [of women in the cinema] is submissive or secondary, it is the society who is responsible for it . . . filmmakers, keeping in min d the commercial aspect of films, simply highlight what exists (Prabhu 2001, 185). (6) India is known to be a hierarchal society, whether it is religion, northern or southern Indian all groups of people are ranked according to various qualities. Within gender hierarchy, men outrank women of the same or similar age, and senior relatives outrank junior relatives (1). This same concept is taken into the Hindi film industry where more emphasis is created on the male actor. From the beginning of the film process importance is on the male. For example within the internal aspects of film processing the second step is acquisition of leading male role and then followed by female acquisitions (class lecture). None the less, females are a priority in films; however their portrayals in films are steady and follow certain guidelines according to the roles played. Indian society has many norms and values, one being the role played by an individual in the society. In Indian society the dominant forms of patriarchal ideology how women are seen as subjected-as either the nurturing mother, the innocent wife, the vamp or the educated modern women. One or more forms of these roles are always portrayed in Hindi films. With these roles come specific characteristics that are viewed in the society which are then followed and expressed in Hindi films. For examples it known for an ideal women figures include passive, victimized, sacrificial, submissive, glorified, static, one-dimensional and resilient (3). These are the traits that are then brought into the film which not only reflect culture, but also shape culture. India is a religiously complex society with dominancy in the complex religion of Hinduism. In traditional Indian society there were definite and essential norm of behaviour that was usually passed down from the past. For example Sita, from the Hindu mythology of Ramayana was seen as ideal women, ideal wife as she was steadfastly loyal to her husband and obeys his wishes unquestionably (4).Hindi films have achieved this ideal of wifes self devotion. The Indian society is known to be restricted to strict rules and regulations which are to be followed by women. The moral of the Indian society states no independence in women and always is committed to her significant. For example a female in childhood is subjected to her father, in youth to her husband and after to her children. This interpretation of females can be seen in the film Mother India directed by Mehoob Khan. This film reveals the ideal characteristics of a mother played by Nargis. At the beginning of the movie it seen that sh e plays the typical role of a female who is married in an Indian traditional manner. The song Pi Ke Ghar Aaj Pyari Dulhaniya Chali is a significant with the line that states that it is a womens fate to leave home. This applies to the traditional moral of the female being passed on from the authority of the father to her husband who now she must be committed to. This is seen in the character. Dharma referring self-subsistence or a universal law or norm, which applies at the moral, the ritual and social level (5). This is another religious and mythological aspect that is inflicted upon women. This is also portrayed in the film through and expressed in the song Duniya Men Hum Aaye Hain. Here the lyrics in the song express that the only honour that a women has in her life is a womens dharma. In context of the movie it states that a women may overcome her struggles but with the conditions that are still expected with the role of a mother. After her husband leaving her she still has hope that he will return and keeps faith and raises her children on her own sacrificing whatever it takes from her. This shows the over stresses on the love for husband and the duties she has as a mother. It can be seen that in any case, in Indian society the first priority of females is to always keep in mind the norms and values placed on them as females. One may argue that these norms and values have changed within the Indian society with the progression of modernization. However, the lifestyle may have changed in roles of mothers, but the beliefs of the values and norms still exist. For example Kal Ho Na Ho directed by Nikhil Advani is a film set in New York with a modern setting. The role played by Jaya Bachchan shows similar characteristics of a mother which were portrayed by Nargis in Mother India. Jaya Bachchan, also a widowed female in the film experiences many difficulties due to her husband committing suicide. Even though the true reasoning behind the suicide is known by her, the blame is turned towards her by her mother-in-law. However, this does not stop her from being loyal to her husband as she stayed widowed and to the challenge to raise her children and show her devotee towards her husband. Throughout the film we see that she still supports her husband when people including her daughter talk negatively about him. Here she is also in the struggle of bringing her children up on her own and sacrifices all she has to raise them and keep them happy. In both Kal Ho Na Ho and Mother India the role of the mother can be seen to be dedicated with the qualities of self sacrifice, devotionally and religiously. If not seen as a traditional woman with traditional values, in Hindi films the female is then portrayed as the vamp or modernized women. Bollywood shows both the traditional and modernity of females, yet tends portrays the modern as immoral and favour the traditional aspects. The vamp is usually portrayed as morally dishonoured person and associated with everything that is disagreeable about the west (4). Again this is due to the norms and values seen in the Indian society. In this case women are seen as decorative objects and used for entertainment. Courtesan is another common role played by women which is attended for an arousing effect upon men. These types of roles are usually associated with protagonist character. The female is seen modern and revealing clothes and becomes an object of male desire. In many films with picturization of this role of female is usually seen to be glamorous and captures the females beauty in a sensual manner. An example of this is seen in the movie Sh olay directed by Ramesh   Sippy in the song Mehbooba Mehbooba. Here the female dancer appears very different from the other female lead roles. She is there for entertainment and to add glamour. Her clothes are revealing and she is used for the pleasure of the antagonist. A similar but slightly different scene is also seen in Kal Ho Na Ho with the song Its the time to disco. The difference in this song is that the lead female is in the song but is portrayed with a different characteristic that is not the usual in her role. Here Naina (Preity Zinta) is raised in New York but is a casual girl. This seen the her apparel as it is not revealing yet modernized. However, in the song a different perspective of her is seen when she gets drunk. Her clothes become more revealing and her actions are different. This is intended to show how a female may act when they go outside of their boundaries of the Indian society and the consequence of it. Jaswinder (Lilette Dubby) in the movie is would be seen as the vamp in the movie as her clothes are modish and she is flirty around men. Not only women who werent in traditional clothes seen as vamps. But those who didnt obey traditional rules. These would include who are adventurous, independent and values different norms. Thus, women commonly in Hindi films are either the modernized seductive role or the sophisticated tradition Indian women. There are many women in the Bombay film industry. Many have reacted with different opinions on how females are being portrayed. For example quoted from Ayesha Jhulka, an actress: You have to accept the fact that its a male-dominated industry. And you have to accept that basically heroes are given much more importance than the heroineSo its better to accept it and then carry on. You have your own place which nobody else can take. What you can do, the heroes probably cant do (7). Another opinion quoted by the actress Shabana Azmi: The one thing that hasnt changed only superficially I think, is in its portrayal of womenI think its a waste if you dont offer them and give them roles that are on par with their heroà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦I think that would be very interesting, and basically do films that are pro-women (7). Lastly. Actress Ritha Bhaduri states: At the moment I think character roles have more to say than the female heroine, actressà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦There are very few films that are wom en-oriented, or have a women dominating the whole thing (7). From these opinions of several actresses it can be conclude that many actresses are aware of the stereotypical roles given to women in Hindi films. The do feel that there isnt much importance strained on them, but also know that a film without a complementing female role with the male would not make much progress. Even though role of females are driven by the aspects in the Indian society, actresses have continued to accept the roles and play them according. As stated previously the main cause for this orientation is due to what takes place in the society. As the Indian society makes different progression a change in female roles in Hindi films will also be seen. In conclusion, the female roles played in Hindi film are very restricted and do not have space for variety. Either they are seen as objects to add glamour and entertainment to the film or they are portrayed with important roles such as mothers but with general Indian societal values that come with that role. Endnotes: http://www.heinonline.org.ezproxy.library.yorku.ca/HOL/Page?men_tab=srchresultshandle=hein.cow/cowcs0040id=295size=2collection=cowterms=women|womens|Women|Womenstermtype=phraseset_as_cursor=#287 Class lecture http://www.saswat.com/blog/women_journalists_bollywood.html https://moodle10.yorku.ca/moodle/file.php/12062/Readings/Women_in_Indian_Cinema0001.pdf https://moodle10.yorku.ca/moodle/file.php/12062/Readings/Cinema_and_Society_in_India0001.pdf http://www.nzasia.org.nz/downloads/NZJAS-%20Dec07/02Booth6.pdf http://books.google.ca/books?hl=enlr=id=GTEa93azj9ECoi=fndpg=PP8dq=portrayal+of+women+in+popular+hindi+filmsots=OkbhSM0gfBsig=nPH6-uJz2wCft5FsivGe-opdg1c#v=onepageq=portrayal%20of%20women%20in%20popular%20hindi%20filmsf=false http://www.englishforums.com/English/PleaseEditEssayBollywoodFilms/dxklq/post.htm http://saswat.com/articles/bollywomen.htm http://www.questia.com/PM.qst;jsessionid=1460AF79FA0D92C0202D67F85883F2D5.inst3_3b?a=od=98736980gserror=true Portrayal of women in Bollywood then, now and in the  past. http://ezinearticles.com/?The-Changing-Face-of-Women-In-Indian-Cinemaid=87034 http://books.google.ca/books?hl=enlr=id=Alk5iwv1y_MCoi=fndpg=PA146dq=general+gender+hierarchy+ots=8nq76NqH2Osig=VTnkZoje6Xd2i6c6GRTH9u123Eo#v=onepageq=general%20gender%20hierarchyf=false http://books.google.ca/books?hl=enlr=id=kfVdxiSm-aYCoi=fndpg=PR7dq=hidden+messages+in+hindi+song+filmsots=yS1CgltbAHsig=zc15PBYPSwopVvlpkUpomMBDbT8#v=onepageqf=false http://books.google.ca/books?hl=enlr=id=cgDHFFe7YM8Coi=fndpg=PA191dq=themes+in+hindi+filmsots=Mq6lmD7Dedsig=kli9MXI-zSzX8CPBq7DKU0VkGxk#v=onepageq=themes%20in%20hindi%20filmsf=false http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.0022-3840.1996.00173.x/abstract

Spanish And French Monarchial Beliefs - The Escorial And Versailles :: essays research papers

The palace of Versailles was built by Louis XIV of France (1643-1715), and the Escorial was built by Philip II of Spain (1556-1598). By examining the aerial and frontal facades of these two palaces, it may be seen that there were many similarities and differences between the two kings’ perception and practice of monarchy. Each king set his own goals for his life, and concluded as to how a monarch ought to behave. Both Louis XIV and Philip II had religious duties to pay attention to, organized the distribution of power in their respective kingdoms, communicated with other countries and entities through war and diplomacy, raised militaries, and made plans for the expansion of their own beliefs, thoughts and practices. Aside from these aspects of the two kings’ beliefs and practices of monarchy, the architecture of their palaces reflected their ideals, or personal beliefs, and the interpretation made by the painters of the palaces reflects the attitudes of the two kings t oward life. The role of the king to the public during the reigns of Louis XIV of France and Philip II of Spain were not predetermined, so each king created for himself what he thought monarchy ought to be. Louis XIV and Philip II were both absolutists, and believed that they should be the supreme rulers of France and Spain, respectively. However, Louis XIV did not want to be a national symbol serving no legitimate purpose. He wished to control the military, economy, foreign affairs, and the administration of the kingdom and of justice. He believed that the king of France should be the best that France has to offer- being served by even the most powerful lords of France. Conversely, Philip II thought of himself as Catholic first, and king of Spain second. Opposite to Louis XIV, Philip II preferred to sit in the Escorial and pray, pour over records, and live more as a monk than as Louis XIV’s conception of a king. Philip II never wanted to take much of an active part in the administration o f his kingdom, except for the times when he wanted to use some of his various powers. However, after he had used it for a while (waging war, raising taxes, etceteras) he would let it lay dormant and return to his documents. Nor did Philip II ever wish to control most of the Spanish economy. The parts that he did control were ones that directly affected himself or his revenues, so vital in order to keep his army of immense proportions.

Madonna’s Sex Book Essay

?According to Giselle Benatar of  Entertainment Weekly, there are two versions of how Madonna came up with the idea for the book. One was that she conceived the idea of an erotic photography book during the shooting of the film  A League of Their Own  in the summer of 1991. [1]  The second one is that  Judith Regan, vice-president and  editor-in-chief  of  Simon & Schuster, flew to  Los Angeles  in March 1991 to meet with Madonna and her manager  Freddy DeMann, armed with a proposal for a similar collection of photo-erotica. [1]  The singer had initially verified whether Regan had approached any other celebrities with this concept, as Madonna would be interested to be a part of it only if it was a unique idea. [2]  By the end of the meeting Madonna had agreed â€Å"in principle† to do a book called  Madonna’s Book of Erotica and Sexual Fantasies. She told Regan that DeMann would call her and work out the details regarding the book. [3][4]  However, Madonna never got back in touch with Regan, who assumed that the singer did not want to proceed with the idea. [1]  Madonna’s publicist Liz Rosenberg never confirmed nor denied Regan’s claim, but according to Benatar, Madonna started working on  Sex  before wrapping up  A League of Their Own. [1]  At firstWarner Bros. Records  and the executive directors at  Time Warner  were reluctant to allow Madonna to publish such a book, but finally gave in to the idea. Madonna, however, was forced to sign a contract that forbade her from showing  child pornography,  bestiality  and  religious imagery. [1]  Not long after signing this agreement Madonna founded  Maverick, a multi-media entertainment company. Since by contract she had total artistic control over any of the work released by Maverick, the agreement she signed with Time Warner concerning what not to do in  Sex  became obsolete. [5][6][7] Some of the pictures for the project were shot at  Hotel Chelsea, New York. Other locations included Times Square’s all-male burlesque  Gaiety Theatre. Originally to be titled  X, Madonna changed her mind when  Spike Lee’s film  Malcolm X  began to be promoted. (The film was released three weeks after the book. ) She would go on to tell  Vogue  magazine: â€Å"This is a really good symbol, and I thought of it first. â€Å"[8]  Warner Bros. commented that  Sex  was very difficult to produce, requiring contributions from many different printing and publishing companies. [9]  They also stated that in order to generate any profit, the book would have to sell at least 350,000 copies. [10][11]  Madonna hired top-notch talent for the development of the book;[12]  she counted on the help of friends from the music, film and fashion industry. [9]  The singer hired  Fabien Baron  as the art director,[13]  fashion photographer  Steven Meisel, editor  Glenn O’Brien, make-up artist Francois Nars and hairstylist Paul Cavaco. [1][6][14]  The  Sex  book had a range of influences – from punk rock to earlier fashion iconoclasts like  Guy Bourdin  and his surrealism, and  Helmut Newton, in its stylized, sado-masochistic look. [15]  Madonna originally wanted the book to be of an oval shape in order to simulate a  condom  but the printing and manufacturing of such a book would have been too expensive. Meisel would later comment: â€Å"Madonna and I can keep up with each other† and that â€Å"I’m doing things to make people think too. It’s not really to antagonize or to push people’s buttons. It’s really to present another way of seeing things. â€Å"[1] The pictures were taken almost entirely in  Super 8  format, and most of the photo shoots took place in  New York City  and  Miami. Locations in New York City included the  Hotel Chelsea  and Times Square’s all-male burlesque  Gaiety Theatre  (dancers from theatre participated in one of the book’s photo sessions), whereas in Miami the majority of the sessions were shot at a house Madonna had purchased just before starting the project, and in several beaches and streets. [1][5][16]  One morning during the four-day Florida shoot Madonna was prancing around her 14-bedroom house in Miami completely naked, when someone jokingly suggested she go out on the street, then, according to Baron â€Å"the next thing we’re in the street† where allegedly â€Å"cars screeched to a halt, motorists whistled, and one entranced cyclist fell off his bike. â€Å"[1]  This was just one of the many crazy episodes that took place during the shooting of the book. According to Baron, during the photo shoots â€Å"[Madonna]’d do something crazy and then we’d come up with something even crazier†. One of the most shocking photographs made for the book, which featured two women in  post-punk  attire flanking Madonna with one of them holding a knife to Madonna’s crotch, was dismissed as it was considered too violent. At some point, while the book was being produced, some of the photographs were stolen, but were quickly recovered by the  FBI. [1]  According to  New York  magazine, there were approximately 80,000  photographs taken for the book,[17]  but only a handful made the final cut. [1]  The printing of the book was extended for 15  days[11]  making the total production process last about eight months. [18] Design and content[edit] The picture shows the leather string worn by Madonna in theSex  book, as well as in the â€Å"Erotica† music video. Below the string, an image from the book can also be seen. Wrapped and sealed in a  Polyethylene terephthalate  (PET) Mylar bag,[19][20][21]  Sex  contains 128  pages and is  spiral bound  with an  aluminium  cover that has the word â€Å"Sex† stamped in the middle[14][22]  and a warning label. [23]  The front page also shows Madonna against a sky blue backdrop. [22]  Three different types of paper were used for the printing of  Sex  and the design was overseen by Madonna and Baron & Baron Inc. (consisting of Fabien Baron and the photographer Siung Fat Tjia) who had previously collaborated with the singer designing the cover art of her fifth studio album,  Erotica. [11][24]  As this was the first project for Maverick, the packaging was crucial; however Madonna did not have faith in Warner Book’s â€Å"mass-market† publication process. Hence Baron suggested to transfer the packaging job to Nicholas Callaway’s bespoke Callaway Editions. [25]  Charles Melcher, co-publisher with Callaway for the book, said that they usually did â€Å"exquisite art books, $100 high end, beautiful things†. But it was a challenge for them to process Madonna’s ideas into reality. The artist wanted the packaging to be sealed, so that the reader had to tear it up and read. [25]  They considered various kinds of clasps before zeroing on the idea of the sealed bag as a reference to a condom package. The metal cover was Madonna’s idea, who took the inspiration from the 1979 album,  Metal Box  by  post-punk  band  Public Image Ltd. [26]  Melcher recollects, â€Å"We were talking about materials for the cover, and we went into her kitchen. [Madonna] pointed at the metal plate at the back of her stove and said, ‘I want something like this’. I was very impressed with the way she interacted with her world to source things. â€Å"[26]  The company bought about 1,500,000 pounds (680,000  kg) of aluminium, a pound for each book. The designers had to do the front and the back covers, while rolling, stamping and ionizing the metal. [26] The book opens up with the introduction: â€Å"Everything you are about to see and read is a fantasy, a dream, pretend†. [27]  Throughout  Sex, Madonna offers  poems, stories, and  essays. [5]  She also uses the  pseudonym†Mistress Dita† as a homage to German actress  Dita Parlo; her friends in these stories are Bunny, Dex, Stella, Chiclet and Stranger. [3][28]  According to biographer  J. Randy Taraborrelli, a big part of the book is read as a letter to a  pornographic magazine. [3]  As a thank you for recovering the stolen pictures during the making of the book, in the credits of the book Madonna mentioned the FBI for † †¦ rescuing photographs that would have made  J. Edgar Hoover  roll over. â€Å"[14][29]  Madonna also wanted to explore the notion of power in  Sex. Melcher said that the artist wanted to talk about â€Å"gentle and hard, soft and violent [in  Sex]. She was playing out all those elements in her book. That was reflected in the materials: uncoated, soft paper on the inside and hard metal coating on the outside. â€Å"[25] Just like the text—which was mostly written on top of photographs—the photographs on the book are highly sexual and depict  nudity, simulations of sexual acts,  bondage,  homosexuality  and  analingus, with accessories such as knives, whips, masks and chains[5][17][30][31]  although full  intercourse  is never shown. [14]  Aside from unknown models, featured in the book are actress  Isabella Rossellini, rappers  Big Daddy Kane  and Madonna’s then boyfriend  Vanilla Ice,[18]  model  Naomi Campbell,[32]  gay porn star  Joey Stefano,[10]  actor  Udo Kier, socialite  Tatiana von Furstenberg, and nightclub owner Ingrid Casares; however theheterosexual  photos in the book involve only Madonna and Vanilla Ice. [14]  Madonna herself is featured partially or completely naked. One of the book’s most famous photographs shows Madonna  hitchhikingcompletely naked in Miami. [3]  The book also reflects a great part on Dita’s perspective towards her own sexuality. Dita writes in  Sex  that her â€Å"pussy† is a temple of learning[33]  and that exposing it, is really a homage to it (â€Å"It’s hard to describe it smells like a baby to me fresh and full of life. I love my pussy, it is the complete summation of my life†). [34]  Sex  contains statements like â€Å"ass fucking  is the most pleasurable way to get fucked and it hurts the most too†. [3]  Others include â€Å"[t]here is something comforting about being tied up. Like when you were a baby and your mother strapped you in the car seat. She wanted you to be safe. It was an act of love†[20]  and â€Å"I wouldn’t want a penis. It would be like having a third leg. it seems like a contraption that would get in the way. I think I have a dick in my brain†. [20][31]  In  Sex, Dita also pointed out that â€Å"A lot of people are afraid to say what they want. That’s why they don’t get what they want†. [35]  The book includes Madonna’s perspective on  pornography: â€Å"I don’t see how a guy looking at a naked girl in a magazine is degrading to women. Everyone has their sexuality. It’s how you treat people in everyday life that counts, not what turns you on in your fantasy. If all a person ever did was get off on porno movies I would say they are probably dysfunctional sexually, but I don’t think it’s unhealthy to be interested in that or get off on that. I’m not interested in porno movies because everybody is ugly and faking it and it’s just silly. They make me laugh, they don’t turn me on. A movie like  In the Realm of the Senses  turns me on because it’s real. I’ve been told there are some good  Traci Lords  movies but I’ve never seen them. I wouldn’t want to watch a  snuff movie. I wouldn’t want to watch anyone get really hurt, male or female. But generally I don’t think pornography degrades women. The women who are doing it want to do it. No one is holding a gun to their head. I don’t get that whole thing. I love looking at  Playboy  magazine because women look great naked. â€Å"[20] Release and promotion[edit] Rapper  Vanilla Ice  (left) and model  Naomi Campbell  (right) are among the celebrities that appeared in the book. Both appeared in explicit images along side Madonna. The initial preview of the book was met with a huge amount of controversy, as it showed a nude Madonna wearing a rabbit’s tail, shaving the  pubic hair  of a naked man, and cavorting outdoors with a dog, suggesting  bestiality. [8][17]  The Vatican  urged its people to boycott the release, saying that it was â€Å"morally intolerable†. [36]  Indian customs officials said that the book offended the country’s public morality. The  Press Trust of India  (PTI), India’s domestic news agency, quoted a top customs official as saying the book would be seized under a section of the Customs Act prohibiting entry of indecent literature. [37]  Citizens of  Alexandria, Virginia  filed a complaint with the city’s police department on behalf of a group called the Rapides Parish Chapter of American Family Association, claiming that it violated Louisiana’s anti-obscenity laws. [38]  South US Baptists did not want their Bibles coming off the same printing presses as Madonna’s  Sex  and threatened to stop doing business with a Chicago printer. The Nashville-based Baptist Sunday School Board, a division of the Southern Baptist Convention, reviewed their $2. 1  million ($3,529,215 in 2014 dollars[39]) printing contract with R. R. Donnelley & Sons. Board President James Draper said he was infuriated that Donnelley also printed â€Å"such an obscene book†. [40]Entertainment Tonight  reported that Madonna herself had initiated the mayhem with the explicit content in the music video for â€Å"Erotica†, walking bare breasted at designer Jean Paul Gaultier’s fashion show and posing nude in  Vanity Fair  magazine. [41]  A writer for  The Sacramento Bee  said that since the press wanted â€Å"controversy†, Madonna was willing to provide them â€Å"fodder† with her â€Å"antiques†. [42] Madonna then said she was â€Å"doing this to liberate America — free us all of our hang-ups†;[5]  she also revealed in a letter that â€Å"This book doesn’t tolerate risky sexual practices†. [3]  Nicholas Callaway from  Callaway Arts & Entertainment  said that the book was â€Å"inevitably going to be controversial. The book explores every aspect of sexual fantasy. It’s hard to calculate the effect, [but],  Sex  should be considered ‘art'†. [43]  Originally it was rumored that  Time Warner  was nervous about the release of the book; however, in an interview with  Vanity Fair, William Sarnoff, president of Warner Books, said he felt that Madonna â€Å"should pursue all avenues of creativity as she defines it†. The Warner company had also previously assured that they would make sureSex  reached its main  target audience  and also reminded that the book was safely wrapped in a Mylar bag to prevent in-store peeping and contained a warning label. [5]  Michael Kilian  of theChicago Tribune  published an article on October 7, 1992, regarding the then upcoming release of  Sex: â€Å"Prepare thyself, [†¦ ], The mega-event of the millennium is to occur in precisely two weeks. It’s an event far more mega than the November election, the collapse of communism or even the crowning of  Leanza Cornett  as the new  Miss America. † Kilian also described it as the â€Å"personal sexual fantasy picture book in all Christendom, then it goes far beyond all previous ‘truly twisted’ personal sexual fantasy picture books—perhaps beyond all imagining what such a book could be†. [43] On October 15, Madonna threw a pre-release party at New York City’s Industria Superstudio, and signed all the invitations under her  Sex  alter ego  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Dita†. [44][45]  During the party, Madonna showed up dressed as  Little Bo Peep  and even carried with her a stuffed toy lamb. [29]  Madonna’s publicist Liz Rosenberg showed concern at first due to â€Å"what the parents of America’s impressionable teens will soon be thinking† but later said that it â€Å"all depends on your idea of lovemaking, which in Madonna’s case, should give new meaning to the word erotic†. [5]  Both  Waldenbooks  and  Barnes & Noble  prepared corporate statements that the managers could share with customers who are offended by  Sex. (Both statements defended the right of bookstores to provide â€Å"diversity and choice† to customers and say censorship is not the role of bookstores. )[23]  Many book stores, too, stated that the book would not be sold to anyone under 18 and that it would be for display only behind the cash register. [5][23]Bookstore owner David Epstein stated that â€Å"The feeling of most people who have ordered the book is that Madonna is something special, that this is cutting-edge art, [†¦ ], they’re not the kind of people who are buying it because it’s smut and dirty pictures. People are interested in it as art. â€Å"[23] Sex  was finally released on October 21, 1992, by editorials Callaway and  Warner Books;[14][43][46][47]  it was also the first work released by Madonna’s company Maverick. [1][5]  To accompany its release, a  comic book  as well as a promotional single containing a stripped-down version of â€Å"Erotica†, titled â€Å"Erotic†, were made available. The book was released by Madonna as alongside her fifth studio album  Erotica, which had been released a day earlier. [5]  With an initial print run of one million copies of the first edition in five continents and in five languages,[47]  the price of the book was $50 ($84 in 2014 dollars[39]) at retail, making sex an â€Å"expensive visual book†. [43][46]  Nevertheless, the book managed to break records regarding the number of copies pre-ordered before the release. Nicholas Callaway pointed out that the book was an unprecedented hit, because the print run of an average art book ranges between 5 and 10,000  units. [11]  He described it as â€Å"the largest initial release of any illustrated book in publishing history†. [10][11] Due to the high scandal and controversy surrounding the book, there wasn’t really any need for Madonna to promote it;[30]  however, one of the few promotions for the book Madonna did, was appearing on the cover of the October edition of  Vogue, where she appeared dressed in â€Å"Hippie trip† fashion. These photographs were taken by Meisel. [48]  After the book was released, on October 22, 1992,  MTV  aired a special called  The Day in Madonna, hosted by  Kurt Loder  (the title of this special was a pun of the title of the channel’s daily show  The Day in Rock), which profiled the release of Madonna’s  Sex  and her album  Erotica, even taking the book to the streets to allow people, including a sex therapist and group of real-life New York Citydominatrices, to view it. MTV also interviewed many people who had viewed the book on the day of its release at the HMV music store in New York City. In celebration of the release of the book, the store held a Madonna look-alike contest and set up a booth where people could view the book for one dollar a minute, with all of the proceeds going to Lifebeat, the music industry organization founded to help fund AIDS research. [9] Critical and commercial reception[edit] â€Å"I don’t think sex is bad. I don’t think nudity is bad. I don’t think that being in touch with your sexuality and be able to talk about it is bad. I think the problem is that everyone is so uptight about it and have turned it into a bad thing when it’s not, if people could speak freely, we would have more people practicing safe sex, we wouldn’t have people being sexually abused. † —Madonna discussing the negative backlash surrounding the book. [12] The book received negative reaction from critics,[47][49][50][51]  conservative and  feminist  Ã¢â‚¬Å"anti-porn† groups,[1][52]  due to its sexually explicit photographs which many characterized as â€Å"hardcore pornography†. [53]  Taraborrelli opined that much of the book appears surprising and not shocking. [54]  He derided the whole concept as childish and impetuous rather than an adult book. According to him, though Madonna insisted that she was trying to demystify sexuality altogether, the author believed she just wanted to publish pornographic text and pictures and get away with it. â€Å"She was being a brat, not a revolutionary†, the author concluded. [54]  Author  Lucy O’Brien  declared that the book was a bold, harrowing exercise in frustration, and despite Madonna’s attempt at invincibility, the book appeared as â€Å"a curious act of self-destruction†. [55]†The overwhelming effect of the book is numbing,† complained  Rolling Stone. â€Å"The images are derivative, and Madonna herself seems far too eager to shock; that, not even prurient arousal, seems the ideal response the book tirelessly seeks. The potency of  Sex’s subject matter is dissipated by Madonna and Meisel’s self-congratulatory – and silly – sense of their own ‘bravery,’ as if their naughty games were somehow revolutionary. â€Å"[56] Roger Catlin from the  Hartford Courant  said that the passages from the book were â€Å"too dirty to quote here, even the funny ones†. [8]  The Daily Beast  said that â€Å"the book is neither groundbreaking (save that it features a major star) nor particularly sexy [†¦ ]  Sex  is convincing only when it’s playful, as when she appears nude in a Miami pizzeria, chewing a slice while a baffled customer looks on. Elsewhere, she’s simply undressed with no place to go†. [19]  Richard Harrington from  The Washington Postgave the book a mixed review by saying: â€Å"Is  Sex  shocking? not really. Mostly because it’s Madonna, and somehow we’ve come to expect this from her. Is  Sex  boring? actually, yes†. [18]  During her review of the book, British author  Zoe Heller  from  The Independent  wrote that it was â€Å"the women who once saw Madonna as a witty feminist role model who have been most alarmist about her latest pornographic incarnation† and that â€Å"previously, they say, Madonna played with traditional images of feminine sexuality in a subversive, ’empowering’ way. But now, with sado-masochism and rape fantasies, she has gone too far. â€Å"[34]  Calvin Tomkins, author and  art critic  for  The New Yorker, wrote that â€Å"unfortunately, the book is going to be mistaken for  pornography†. [57]  In his review,  Ed Anger, columnist for  Weekly World News  said that: â€Å"Madonna may be the best singer in the world today, but she has no right to take off her clothes in her book†. [58]  Vanity Fair  deemed it â€Å"the dirtiest coffee table book to ever be published†. [12]  Caryn James from  The New York Times  was negative in her review stating that â€Å"There is plenty here to offend the meek (whips and chains), the self-righteous (gay men and lesbians), not to mention the tasteful (a tacky and cluttered art design)†. [14]  Vicki Goldberg  from the same newspaper was also dismissive of the photography of the book saying that â€Å"Unfortunately, not many of the images are very good photographically. Many are just pictures, or just porn†. [47] Despite all the controversy and negative backlash, which included the book being banned in Japan shortly after its release,[59]  Sex  proved to be a commercial success, selling 150,000  copies on its release day in the United States alone. [60]  Hundreds of copies of the book were pre-ordered, prompting book sellers to say that  Sex  was â€Å"shattering their sales records for advance purchases†. [61]  A week later, the book’s sales exceeded the 500,000  units[1]  and eventually topped  The New York TimesBest Seller list. [18]  Giselle Benatar wrote in her article â€Å"Sex & Money†: â€Å"This isn’t the publishing event of the year, it’s the publishing event of the century. â€Å"[1]  A day earlier, Tyra Braden from  The Morning Call  wrote that she and some friends concluded that the book â€Å"might become a collector’s item a few years down the road†. [22]  In just three days, the book had managed to sell more than 1. 5  million copies worldwide. [1] Social impact and aftermath[edit]. Madonna’s performances inThe Girlie Show World Tour  faced negative reactions from conservative groups who deemed the singer immoral. Dubbed at the time â€Å"The Queen of obscene†,[62]  Madonna and the  Sex  era is considered by many as the artist’s most controversial and transgressive period. [63][64]  The book, widely panned by the press, is regarded as one of the factors that shaped the social reaction and critique towards Madonna during the early 1990s. [31]  Her fifth studio album  Erotica  was affected by the negative press surrounding the book. [65]  In March 1993Spin  magazine wrote an article praising the book,[66]  but months later in  Mexico,  social communicologist  Nino Canun presented a  television special  called  ? Y Usted que Opina? (en: And what’s your opinion? ), where the audience, among them a  priest, presented their arguments as to why â€Å"this morally clueless singer shouldn’t perform in the country†, making reference to the then upcoming  Girlie Show World Tour  which was set to visit Mexico. Later, during her concert in Mexico, Madonna wore a  charro  sombrero  and simulated an  orgy  with her dancers onstage, as a response to these comments. [67]  Continuing her provocative imagery, Madonna starred in the erotic thriller  Body of Evidence, which featured the singer fully nude and in scenes engaged in simulated sexual acts. [68]  In March 1994,  Madonna appeared as a guest  on the  Late Show with David Letterman, using profanity that was required to be censored on television and handing Letterman a pair of her underwear and asking him to smell it. [69]  The releases of her sexually explicit film, album and book, and the aggressive appearance on Letterman all made critics regard Madonna as a sexual renegade. She faced strong negative publicity from critics and fans, who commented that â€Å"she had gone too far† and that her career was over. [70]  Later on the song â€Å"Human Nature† from her sixth studio album  Bedtime Stories  (1994), Madonna addressed the public backlash the book was still receiving, particularly with the lines â€Å"Did I say something wrong? Oops, I didn’t know I couldn’t talk about sex. I must have been crazy,† as well as the line â€Å"What was I thinking? â€Å". [31] The perfect iconic goddess of  True Blue  had all gone. In the same way that sixties beauties like  Nico,  Marianne Faithfull  and  Brigitte Bardot  set about destroying their beauty after they were famous, the very thing they felt limited them, Madonna annihilated hers. Within a few short years she moved from teasing flirtation to desperate sexual display. It is ironic that after the triumph of  Like a Prayer, she hits this bathos. Being a blond again set her off in the wrong direction. It was as if with the  Sex  book she showed the underside of the Hollywood dream —Lucy O’Brien,  Madonna: Like an Icon, page. 254[71] Madonna herself would later say: â€Å"I wouldn’t say I regret it. I’ve made mistakes and learned from them. Most people want to hear me say that I regret publishing my  Sex  book. I don’t. What was the problem was releasing my  Erotica  album at the same time. I love that album and it got overlooked. â€Å"[72][73]  However, author Andy Koopmans in his book  Madonna  (2002) would comment that the singer regretted both publishingSex  and recording  Erotica  and that the book â€Å"had affected everything she did later†. [74]  It was not until 2003 that Madonna would once again declare that she regretted nothing; â€Å"I’m not apologising in any shape or form [†¦] I was interested in pushing buttons and being rebellious and being mischievous and trying to bend the rules. There was a lot of irony in the  Sex  book and I am poking fun at a lot of things and I am being kind of silly and adolescent and I am being very f you, if a man can do it, I can do it. â€Å"[75]  A year earlier on 2002, Naomi Campbell confessed to â€Å"have a lot of respect for Madonna being bold enough to come out and do a book on sex. I’ve never reneged on that†. [76]  However in 2009, rapper Vanilla Ice, who was Madonna’s boyfriend at the time of the book’s creation, confessed to not being happy with the book once he saw it. â€Å"My friends were like, ‘Dude, that’s cool man’, but I was like, ‘I’m dating her, it’s not cool to see your girlfriend with all these other people’ [†¦ ] It kinda ruined the whole thing. I wonder what her kids think of that book? Here she is writing kids’ books now but they’re going to see it and go, ‘Mommy, what were you thinking? ‘†[77]Another of the book’s models, actress Isabella Rossellini, told  Out  magazine that she regretted her participation on the book; â€Å"I don’t think the book worked, even though the photos were extraordinary, and some of them quite memorable. I think there was a little bit of a moralistic sort of ‘I’ll teach you how to be free! ‘ – and that bothered the hell out of me. â€Å"[78] Later reviews towards  Sex  have become more positive. The authors of  The Porning of America: The Rise of Porn Culture, What It Means, and Where We Go from Here  (2008) have commented that â€Å"the book is particularly interesting in the way that, like many of Madonna’s works, it portrays sex in terms of domination and power†,[31]  whereas Jane Raphaely, editor-in-chief of  Cosmopolitan  praised Madonna’s â€Å"liberated behavior on  Sex  [†¦] the fact that she takes all forms of pornography and systematically demystifies it by putting it under her control†, in an article in 1996. [79] Brian McNair, author of  Striptease Culture: Sex, Media and the Democratisation of Desire  (2012) praised this period of Madonna’s career, saying that she had â€Å"porno elegance† and that â€Å"Sex  is the author of a cultural phenomenon of global proportions [due to the critics] and thanks to this Madonna established her iconic status and cultural influence†. [28] Legacy[edit] Sex  is now considered a bold,  post-feminist, work of art,[64][80][81]  besides being labeled a â€Å"cultural book†. Martin Amis  from  The Observer  wrote an essay discussing the book’s cultural meaning. [28]  Critical theorist  Douglas Kellner  affirmed that withSex  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Madonna became herself, an artifact of  pop culture†. [82]  French academic writer  Georges Claude Guilbert  (author of three books about Madonna) described  Sex  as one of the most successful publicity stunts in history[83]  whereas Russell W. Belk, author of  Handbook of Qualitative Research Methods in Marketing  mentioned that the book is a  quality  product in  marketing. [84]  In 1992, Madonna had generated more than US$500  million ($840,289,305 in 2014 dollars[39]) to Time Warner in sales of both albums and the  Sex  book, despite the negative feedback. [85]  However, Taraborrelli commented in his book,  Madonna: An Intimate Biography, that those â€Å"who knew Madonna well at that time, knew what was really going on with her: theSex  book—and the outrageous antics that preceded it and would follow it—was really just something she used as a barrier between her and the rest of the world. â€Å"[54] For years it had seemed to Madonna that both her personal and professional life was extremely scrutinized by the public and  media, and although she had started this scrutinizing by her provocative works, she was tired of it. [54]  Being vexed at this interest in her personal life, Madonna fought back by creating the persona of a renegade, something so outrageous as to defy explanation, something found objectionable by most people. Taraborrelli said that in Madonna’s view, â€Å"she had no other way of fighting back†. [54]  The Boston Globe’s Matthew Gilbert analyzed the singer’s provocative attempt in an article published in the newspaper: â€Å"Madonna’s motive for baring her breasts to the public feels more like personal gratification, less like commitment to a cause. She’s not out to change the world. Let’s face it: Few people get erotic in front of millions of viewers for purely selfless political reasons. It’s hard to escape the view of Madonna as a difficult Catholic adolescent aiming the finger at everything repressive. And many of her songs are addressed to an authority figure of her youth — from God and Jesus Christ to her own father. The heart of Madonna’s outrageousness seems to lie beneath her liberal rationales, as if she’s acting out something private and the world is her couch, not to mention her bank. Her politics are largely Electral. â€Å"[86] According to some writers,  Sex  also helped Madonna make a name in the  porn industry,[62]  and earned her the title of  S&M’s first  cultural ambassador[87]  and was praised for recreating â€Å"porn-chic†. [88]  Humberto Quiroga Lavie pointed out that it was the fact that  Sex  was considered pornographic that helped it become a  bestseller. [89]  Steve Bachmann, on his book  Simulating Sex: Aesthetic Representations of Erotic Activity  pointed out that â€Å"perhaps one of the most interesting aspects of Madonna’s sexual phenomenon is the extent to which her book marked a new threshold in the pornographic franchise†. [90]  McNair wrote in his book that â€Å"Sex  brought out the personal underground to the surface of pop culture†. [28]  London art criticSarah Kent  wrote in  Time Out  magazine that the timing of  Sex  was â€Å"impeccable. [15]  Obsessions about the human body was in vogue, with Madonna’s book as well as artist  Andres Serrano’s â€Å"cumming shots† and  Jeff Koons’  The Jeff Koons Handbook, the latter portrayed fairytale pictures of the artist having sex with his pornographic actor wife,  Cicciolina. [15] Sex  has also become an important book in the  LGBT  community. Ben Shapiro, author of  Porn Generation: How Social Liberalism Is Corrupting Our Future  wrote that due to its iconic status â€Å"Sex  adorns the coffee tables of hundreds of gay men andsperm banks†. [91]  Mark Blankenship, from the LGBT-oriented website New Now Next stated that â€Å"literature changed forever† with the publishing of  Sex. [92]  Madonna’s portrayal of  lesbian  love scenes in the book sparked debates about her own sexual preferences. [93]  This was an adjunct to the singer’s public relationship with comedienne  Sandra Bernhard, with whom she cavorted around, visiting lesbian night-clubs as well as partying. The LGBT communit